Magento – How to Find Category Store ID

use \Magento\Store\Model\StoreManagerInterface for current store and apply it in your query

Try this

protected $storeManager;

public function __construct(
    \Magento\Store\Model\StoreManagerInterface $storeManager,
    $data = []
) {
    $this->storeManager = $storeManager;
    parent::__construct($data);
}

$categoryFactory = $objectManager->create('Magento\Catalog\Model\ResourceModel\Category\CollectionFactory');
$categories = $categoryFactory->create()                              
    ->addAttributeToSelect('*')
    ->setStore($this->storeManager->getStore());

foreach ($categories as $category){
    $category->getId();
}

If you only need to change a single product attribute, the product model has an addAttributeUpdate() method that takes store_id as a parameter:

$store_id = 0; // or 1,2,3,... ?
$attribute_code = 'name';
$value = 'Storeview Specific Name';

$product->addAttributeUpdate($attribute_code, $value, $store_id);

Looking at the method in ./vendor/magento/module-catalog/Model/Product.php - it automatically does the "save the current store code and switch back after the update" thing that mcyrulik's answer does,

## ./vendor/magento/module-catalog/Model/Product.php

/**
 * Save current attribute with code $code and assign new value
 *
 * @param string $code  Attribute code
 * @param mixed  $value New attribute value
 * @param int    $store Store ID
 * @return void
 */
public function addAttributeUpdate($code, $value, $store)
{
    $oldValue = $this->getData($code);
    $oldStore = $this->getStoreId();

    $this->setData($code, $value);
    $this->setStoreId($store);
    $this->getResource()->saveAttribute($this, $code);

    $this->setData($code, $oldValue);
    $this->setStoreId($oldStore);
}