the first error seems to say, that the bash can't find php.
edit: like versedi stated in the comments, the first error is raised because you copied the $ sign into the command.
also you just have to run bin/magento setup:upgrade
If you run cd bin first, it it ./magento. The . points to the current directory. Otherwise, it searches for the magento command in your executable paths, which you can see by executing echo $PATH.
Eventually, you have to give it execute permissions first. You can do this by running chmod +x bin/magento
Best Answer
You need to write:
You will then be in the root directory of your installation and bin/magento commands will hopefully work.