Magento – Unable to retrieve deployment version of static files from the file system

you can make your function as a jQuery UI widget and then call it from the template and sending the image url as a parameter.
For an idea on how to create a UI widget you can check how the configurable products widget is built and how it is called in the frontend with parameters
I know there are better examples but this is the first one I found that has parameters set on a template.
See my comments in the code to what means what.

<script type="text/x-magento-init">
    {
        "#product_addtocart_form": { //element to map the ui widget on, you can use 'body' if it's not element specific
            "configurable": { //widget name to initialize
                "spConfig": <?php /* @escapeNotVerified */ echo $block->getJsonConfig() ?>, //parameter
                "onlyMainImg": <?php /* @escapeNotVerified */ echo $block->getVar('change_only_base_image', 'Magento_ConfigurableProduct') ?: 'false'; ?> //parameter
            }
        }
    }
</script>

I followed the above (moving the /static block inside the /pub block) but it didn't work for me. In the end, what did the trick was then adding in a new block for /static as follows :

location /static/ {
    if (!-f $request_filename) {
         rewrite ^/static/(version\d*/)?(.*)$ /static.php?resource=$2 last;
    }
}

Note that is subtly different to the similar rewrite at the end of your code in Update 3.