How to update the ARP table of a router or switch? could it be possible through broadcasting

Is a broadcast ping to the subnet from the SVI on the switch (which is low-bandwidth), and using show mac address-table dynamic out of the question?

some-switch#show mac address-table dynamic
          Mac Address Table
-------------------------------------------

Vlan    Mac Address       Type        Ports
----    -----------       --------    -----
   1    000f.257b.ba3b    DYNAMIC     Gi1/0/49
   1    0011.254f.a5be    DYNAMIC     Gi1/0/49
  56    0000.0c57.aa00    DYNAMIC     Gi1/0/49
  56    0004.0ff4.8cf4    DYNAMIC     Gi1/0/49
  56    0004.0af4.c8fb    DYNAMIC     Gi1/0/5

At this point, use your ARP table to map from mac-address to IP address.

Doing this with SNMP is possible, but somewhat painful if you need to know what port each mac-address is on... use dot1dTpFdbAddress to grab the mac-addresses, dot1dBasePortIfIndex to map to interface ifIndex and then ifName to map from ifIndex to a name you'll recognize.

I am assuming you're using "bridge-mode" for networking (your internal, virtual adapter is bridged to your host's physical adapter).

In any case (unless you explicitlly manually set them to the same address, which causes a lot of other problems), your guest (WinXP) machine will have a different MAC address than your host (CentOS). Due to bridge-mode, your host acts as an ethernet switch, and forwards packets to the guest.

So when an ARP broadcast comes, your host gets the packet and also forwards it to your guest machine. When packets for your host come, they are processed by your host's network stack. When packets for your guest come, the host forwards them to your guest, which then processes them as needed.