Ping Port Number – How to Ping a Specific Port

TCP header is located after the IP header, so the TCP/IP stack knows all four (and many more) values.

Those four values are used to form a unique connection ID ("socket"), which is used to recieve and send packets to/from the remote host.

The first version of traceroute was written by Van Jacobson and it used ICMP but it didn't work very well. The vendor interpretation of ICMP in RFC792 was that routers should not send an ICMP error message in response to an ICMP packet (see edit notes below). Therefore most routers would not send a "time exceeded" message in response to an echo request with a TTL of 1 or 0. So he changed it to use UDP and lo and behold it worked great and there was much rejoicing (and adoption). The traceroute tool on Linux and FreeBSD (and I assume Cisco) is based on Van Jacobson's work.

The spec was later changed to "in response to an ICMP error packet." The world progressed, vendors made changes to their stacks allowing ICMP error messages in response to echo requests, and with the rise of firewalls and ACLs, stray UDP packets sometimes get blocked, but ICMP echo request could get through. Of course, your success on that today varies wildly. I would expect the tracert and other tools were written at a time when using ICMP echo responses wasn't so problematic.

These days you can't really say UDP is better than ICMP. Or that either of those is better than TCP. It completely depends on the path you are traversing and the security policies in place. You may need to try one, both, or all three implementations.

Sources:

http://ftp.arl.army.mil/~mike/ping.html http://www.inetdaemon.com/tutorials/troubleshooting/tools/traceroute/definition.shtml

Edit:

Changed RFC from IP (RFC791) to ICMP (RFC792) that says in the intro:

To avoid the infinite regress of messages about messages etc., no ICMP messages are sent about ICMP messages.

That's the bit that caused vendors to not send "Time Exceeded" errors for echo requests.

RFC1122, Requirements for Internet Hosts, in section 3.2.2. is the update that says hosts shouldn't respond to ICMP error messages.