Domain Controller DCdiag error – A Global Catalog Server could not be located

Don't use a VM for your PDC emulator. Hyper-V "hardware" causes sync issues with the time server service, even with the Hyper-V integration service. There is just too much room for 'flexibility' and adjustment of the time through all of the layers of hardware, software, software-that's-pretending-to-be-hardware, and then software-on-software-pretending-to-be-hardware.

Always keep at least one DC physical. If possible, keep one per site physical (I prefer to keep at least two at my main site physical as well), and then build up VM DCs from there.

As an aside, why do you have all of your FSMO roles on one server? If for some reason you don't trust ASTRO, retire it after getting a new DC in there.

I'm afraid to sound elitist and patronizing, but from the information you've provided and the way you've worded your question, I think the most feasible long-term solution is to

• Create a new domain in a new forest with a new FQDN on a "new" (freshly installed) server
• Unjoin all the clients from the existing domain
• Reboot and join the new domain
• Re-install the operating system on the existing Domain Controllers
• Install AD DS on the servers and join the new domain
• Use this opportunity to revisit your understanding of Active Directory, what it is and how it works

Microsoft has published a number of guides to approaching Active Directory design and deployment, worth mentioning is definitely:

The AD DS Design Guide on TechNet
The Active Directory Domain Services guide from Microsofts Infrastructure and Planning Guide Series

Good luck!

Backing up your GPO's:

From your recent updates it sounds like AD DS is not currently operational, so here is a last resort GPO backup-and-recover solution, not including Links and WMI Filters.

A Group Policy Object consists of 2 parts, a Group Policy Container and a Group Policy Template.

The Container is an object in active directory that holds the Group Policy links that are used to apply the given GPO to a given OU - if the DSA is unavailable to you at this point, you won't be able to retrieve these without mounting and exploring an offline copy of your NTDS database (not as easy as it may sound).

The Template on the other hand, contains the meat and potatoes of the GPO, all the settings, the name, version information and so on, and is stored in the SYSVOL folder on the filesystem.
With the default configuration you'll be able to find all your GPT's in C:\Windows\SYSVOL\domain\policies\. With a file level backup of the GPT's, you'll be able to recreate the GPO's in the new domain, preferably using PowerShell as demonstrated below:

$gptBackupFilePath = "C:\backup\policies\"
$ServerName = $env:COMPUTERNAME

Import-Module GroupPolicy

$GPTs = Get-ChildItem $gptBackupFilePath -Directory |Where-Object {$_.Name -imatch "^\{([0123456789abcdef-]){36}\}$"}

foreach($GPT in $GPTs)
{
    if("{31B2F340-016D-11D2-945F-00C04FB984F9}" -eq $GPT.Name.ToUpper())
    {
        Write-Host "Skipping Default Domain Policy "
    }

    if("{6AC1786C-016F-11D2-945F-00C04FB984F9}" -eq $GPT.Name.ToUpper())
    {
        Write-Host "Skipping Default Domain Controllers Policy "
    }
    $GPTPath = $GPT.FullName
    $GPOName = (Get-Content (Join-Path $GPTPath "GPT.ini") |Where-Object {$_ -match "^displayName="}).Substring(12) |Select -First 1
    if(-not($GPOName))
    {
        Write-Warning "Unable to read GPO name from $GPTPath"
        continue
    }

    $newGPO = New-GPO -Name $GPOName -Server $ServerName
    if(-not($?))
    {
        Write-Warning "Unable to create new GPO $GPOName"
        continue
    }

    $GPOGuid = $newGPO.Id.ToString()

    $Destination = Get-Item ("C:\Windows\SYSVOL\domain\policies\{" + $GPOGuid + "}")
    if(-not(Test-Path $Destination))
    {
        Write-Warning "Unable to access new GPT for GPO $GPOName"
        continue
    }

    Get-ChildItem -Path $GPTPath -Recurse -Exclude @("gpt.ini") |Copy-Item -Destination $($_.FullName -replace $GPTPath,$DestinationPath.FullName) -Force
    if($?)
    {
        Write-Host "Successfully recreated GPO $GPOName as $GPOGuid"
    }
}

I doubt this is a supported solution, and unlike a regular GPO import with migration tables, you'll need to appropriate UNC paths other domain-specific references by hand.

The above example is intended to be run on a Domain Controller in your new forest with $gptBackupFilePath changed to the folder containing the contents of [..]\policies on the old Domain Controller

The only other current answer to this questions, suggesting that you've lost the Domain Controller currently possessing the RID Master FSMO role, and have exhausted the current RID pool is with all probability entirely correct, and you may very well be able to recover the forest from it's current state.

My recommendation to start from scratch is not an easy-frag default goto response, but a carefully chosen one, based on personal experience with AD Disaster Recovery, and more importantly, cleaning up after other peoples disastrous disaster recovery efforts.

If you don't fully understand what to expect from a healthy Active Directory environment, and by trial-and-error do what you're told needs to be done (FSMO seizing, metadata cleanup etc.), underlying unresolved issues may still be present - but too elusive and therefore hidden to the untrained eye.

Any inconsistency introduced during the last 30 or 60 days might not manifest itself right here and now, but if and when it does - you're gonna wish you started from scratch when you had the opportunity