file-permissionslinuxroot
I have a folder that normally lives under /root and is usually used by a root user. I need to allow another user (other than root) to use it now, but it has to remain under /root. Is that possible?
EDIT: Thanks everyone for the comments and help. We do understand the security reprecussions of this and fully understand what we are asking for. So removing all security concerns aside, what is one way to do that. Thank you.
When deciding what permissions to use, you need to know exactly who your users are and what they need. A webserver interacts with two types of user.
Authenticated users have a user account on the server and can be provided with specific privileges. This usually includes system administrators, developers, and service accounts. They usually make changes to the system using SSH or SFTP.
Anonymous users are the visitors to your website. Although they don't have permissions to access files directly, they can request a web page and the web server acts on their behalf. You can limit the access of anonymous users by being careful about what permissions the web server process has. On many Linux distributions, Apache runs as the www-data user but it can be different. Use ps aux | grep httpd or ps aux | grep apache to see what user Apache is using on your system.
Linux and other POSIX-compliant systems use traditional unix permissions. There is an excellent article on Wikipedia about Filesystem permissions so I won't repeat everything here. But there are a few things you should be aware of.
The execute bit
Interpreted scripts (eg. Ruby, PHP) work just fine without the execute permission. Only binaries and shell scripts need the execute bit. In order to traverse (enter) a directory, you need to have execute permission on that directory. The webserver needs this permission to list a directory or serve any files inside of it.
Default new file permissions
When a file is created, it normally inherits the group id of whoever created it. But sometimes you want new files to inherit the group id of the folder where they are created, so you would enable the SGID bit on the parent folder.
Default permission values depend on your umask. The umask subtracts permissions from newly created files, so the common value of 022 results in files being created with 755. When collaborating with a group, it's useful to change your umask to 002 so that files you create can be modified by group members. And if you want to customize the permissions of uploaded files, you either need to change the umask for apache or run chmod after the file has been uploaded.
When you chmod 777 your website, you have no security whatsoever. Any user on the system can change or delete any file in your website. But more seriously, remember that the web server acts on behalf of visitors to your website, and now the web server is able to change the same files that it's executing. If there are any programming vulnerabilities in your website, they can be exploited to deface your website, insert phishing attacks, or steal information from your server without you ever knowing.
Additionally, if your server runs on a well-known port (which it should to prevent non-root users from spawning listening services that are world-accessible), that means your server must be started by root (although any sane server will immediately drop to a less-privileged account once the port is bound). In other words, if you're running a webserver where the main executable is part of the version control (e.g. a CGI app), leaving its permissions (or, for that matter, the permissions of the containing directory, since the user could rename the executable) at 777 allows any user to run any executable as root.
If only one user is responsible for maintaining the site, set them as the user owner on the website directory and give the user full rwx permissions. Apache still needs access so that it can serve the files, so set www-data as the group owner and give the group r-x permissions.
In your case, Eve, whose username might be eve, is the only user who maintains contoso.com :
chown -R eve contoso.com/
chgrp -R www-data contoso.com/
chmod -R 750 contoso.com/
chmod g+s contoso.com/
ls -l
drwxr-s--- 2 eve www-data 4096 Feb 5 22:52 contoso.com
If you have folders that need to be writable by Apache, you can just modify the permission values for the group owner so that www-data has write access.
chmod g+w uploads
ls -l
drwxrws--- 2 eve www-data 4096 Feb 5 22:52 uploads
The benefit of this configuration is that it becomes harder (but not impossible*) for other users on the system to snoop around, since only the user and group owners can browse your website directory. This is useful if you have secret data in your configuration files. Be careful about your umask! If you create a new file here, the permission values will probably default to 755. You can run umask 027 so that new files default to 640 (rw- r-- ---).
If more than one user is responsible for maintaining the site, you will need to create a group to use for assigning permissions. It's good practice to create a separate group for each website, and name the group after that website.
groupadd dev-fabrikam
usermod -a -G dev-fabrikam alice
usermod -a -G dev-fabrikam bob
In the previous example, we used the group owner to give privileges to Apache, but now that is used for the developers group. Since the user owner isn't useful to us any more, setting it to root is a simple way to ensure that no privileges are leaked. Apache still needs access, so we give read access to the rest of the world.
chown -R root fabrikam.com
chgrp -R dev-fabrikam fabrikam.com
chmod -R 775 fabrikam.com
chmod g+s fabrikam.com
ls -l
drwxrwsr-x 2 root dev-fabrikam 4096 Feb 5 22:52 fabrikam.com
If you have folders that need to be writable by Apache, you can make Apache either the user owner or the group owner. Either way, it will have all the access it needs. Personally, I prefer to make it the user owner so that the developers can still browse and modify the contents of upload folders.
chown -R www-data uploads
ls -l
drwxrwxr-x 2 www-data dev-fabrikam 4096 Feb 5 22:52 uploads
Although this is a common approach, there is a downside. Since every other user on the system has the same privileges to your website as Apache does, it's easy for other users to browse your site and read files that may contain secret data, such as your configuration files.
You can have your cake and eat it too
This can be futher improved upon. It's perfectly legal for the owner to have less privileges than the group, so instead of wasting the user owner by assigning it to root, we can make Apache the user owner on the directories and files in your website. This is a reversal of the single maintainer scenario, but it works equally well.
chown -R www-data fabrikam.com
chgrp -R dev-fabrikam fabrikam.com
chmod -R 570 fabrikam.com
chmod g+s fabrikam.com
ls -l
dr-xrwx--- 2 www-data dev-fabrikam 4096 Feb 5 22:52 fabrikam.com
If you have folders that need to be writable by Apache, you can just modify the permission values for the user owner so that www-data has write access.
chmod u+w uploads
ls -l
drwxrwx--- 2 www-data dev-fabrikam 4096 Feb 5 22:52 fabrikam.com
One thing to be careful about with this solution is that the user owner of new files will match the creator instead of being set to www-data. So any new files you create won't be readable by Apache until you chown them.
I mentioned earlier that it's actually possible for other users to snoop around your website no matter what kind of privileges you're using. By default, all Apache processes run as the same www-data user, so any Apache process can read files from all other websites configured on the same server, and sometimes even make changes. Any user who can get Apache to run a script can gain the same access that Apache itself has.
To combat this problem, there are various approaches to privilege separation in Apache. However, each approach comes with various performance and security drawbacks. In my opinion, any site with higher security requirements should be run on a dedicated server instead of using VirtualHosts on a shared server.
I didn't mention it before, but it's usually a bad practice to have developers editing the website directly. For larger sites, you're much better off having some kind of release system that updates the webserver from the contents of a version control system. The single maintainer approach is probably ideal, but instead of a person you have automated software.
If your website allows uploads that don't need to be served out, those uploads should be stored somewhere outside the web root. Otherwise, you might find that people are downloading files that were intended to be secret. For example, if you allow students to submit assignments, they should be saved into a directory that isn't served by Apache. This is also a good approach for configuration files that contain secrets.
For a website with more complex requirements, you may want to look into the use of Access Control Lists. These enable much more sophisticated control of privileges.
If your website has complex requirements, you may want to write a script that sets up all of the permissions. Test it thoroughly, then keep it safe. It could be worth its weight in gold if you ever find yourself needing to rebuild your website for some reason.
Every user will need a separate account. (All access control in Windows is based on users.)
Decide to either use permissions on shares, or have a share with full access for everyone and use permissions on the underlying folder.
#2 is to avoid making things very confusing: two sets of permissions being applied just makes working out what is going on much harder.
The simplest approach would be for each user to have their own share (only they have read and write access to it) over their own folder.
Alternatively you have one share, with the subfolders with permissions limiting it to that user.
You can create an access control list (ACL: the structure that is applied to files and folders1 to defined permissions) that would allow everyone to read everything but only the creator of a file can change/delete it but that is more advanced.
The easiest way is to create on each user's folder an ACL:
1 And to anything else in Windows with access control.
Best Answer
First of all, you are Doing It Wrong™. There is something fundamentally wrong with the way you are trying to go about this. Your software will be better off if you try to understand the normal unix security and permissions model and work WITH it instead of fighting/breaking it.
The only way I can think of to do what you want without blowing a thousand holes in the file system permissions is to set the folder in question up with a group and group-based permissions, then mount it somewhere else using a bind-mount so that it can be accessed by a user-accessible path instead of inside /root. The data can stay there, but non root users shouldn't be able to stick their head in there, so it needs a handle elsewhere in the file system. You can't symlink to it beccause that will just route you back through /root, but a bind mount setup ahead of time by root should provide an alternate path that it can be reached by as a non-root user.
Edit: In the case clarified in comments of having an application with a hard coded path, none of the things I or Alkdae suggest will actually work. As a temporary work around, I suggest making sure anything in root that is sensitive such as
/root/.sshis owned asroot:rootand marked as0600or other such restrictive permissions. Then move anything in/rootthat doesn't need to be there into a subfolder such as/root/root_filesand make sure that isroot:root 0600too. Once you are sure there is nothing there to be seen or exploited, set the group ownership on/rootto some special group like temproot and set it to be browsable by that group (but NOT world or the normal users group!). Then add your special users to that group, and set the files in/rootused by that java app as owned byroot:temprootwith group write/execute permissions as appropriate.As soon as you can fix the offending java app, chown everything in root back to
root:root.