Linux – Check the Number of active connections on port 80

I finally found the setting that was really limiting the number of connections: net.ipv4.netfilter.ip_conntrack_max. This was set to 11,776 and whatever I set it to is the number of requests I can serve in my test before having to wait tcp_fin_timeout seconds for more connections to become available. The conntrack table is what the kernel uses to track the state of connections so once it's full, the kernel starts dropping packets and printing this in the log:

Jun  2 20:39:14 XXXX-XXX kernel: ip_conntrack: table full, dropping packet.

The next step was getting the kernel to recycle all those connections in the TIME_WAIT state rather than dropping packets. I could get that to happen either by turning on tcp_tw_recycle or increasing ip_conntrack_max to be larger than the number of local ports made available for connections by ip_local_port_range. I guess once the kernel is out of local ports it starts recycling connections. This uses more memory tracking connections but it seems like the better solution than turning on tcp_tw_recycle since the docs imply that that is dangerous.

With this configuration I can run ab all day and never run out of connections:

net.ipv4.netfilter.ip_conntrack_max = 32768
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 0
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 0
net.ipv4.tcp_orphan_retries = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 25
net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans = 8192
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 32768    61000

The tcp_max_orphans setting didn't have any effect on my tests and I don't know why. I would think it would close the connections in TIME_WAIT state once there were 8192 of them but it doesn't do that for me.

I experienced such attack ... in the middle of midsummer (23th of June), where you are supposed to be in the countryside and drink beer :>

I put my Apache behind Varnish, which not only protected from slowloris, but also accelerated web requests quite a bit.

Also, iptables helped me:

iptables -I INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 \
         -m connlimit --connlimit-above 20 --connlimit-mask 40 -j DROP

This rule limits one host to 20 connections to port 80, which should not affect non-malicious user, but would render slowloris unusable from one host.