Linux – gparted won’t resize partition

I wouldn't clone. What I would do is mount the second drive in the system, partition and format it appropriately, use tar or cpio to transfer all the files across, remove the original drive, then install grub on the new drive. This removes the need to shrink anything, and as a side effect it cleans up any fragmentation that may have happened.

Or if you're using LVM, add the PV on the second drive to the VG, shrink the FS and LV, migrate the LV over to the new drive, then install grub. This will require shrinking, but after the shrink operation the LV migration can be done live.

In answer to your second question: while you can resize partitions, you cannot move them. The start of a filesystem cannot be changed. So if you want to add 10 GiB after drive C: D:, you'll need to delete drive D: C: and recreate it in the proper location. Second, you should delete your extended partition sda2 and recreate it to fill the remainder of the space. Otherwise, you'll be restricted by the boundary at the end of sda2; you can't make a partition cross that border.

Also... if the check keeps failing, it may point to a bad disk.