Linux – Shrink/reset directory size

Sadly I don't know of any, but it shouldn't be too hard to write one. Once a night, run

# du -a / > /var/lib/filesizes.txt. 

Then you just need a small script to sum those up. Something like:

# perl -ne 'BEGIN { $total = 0 } if ($_ =~ m/(\d+)\s+\/var\/www\//) { $total+=$1;} END {print "$total\n";}' /var/lib/filesizes.txt

If you want something a little more in sync, then you're gonna have to start writing something that uses inotify, to find out when the filesystem changes and updates a database, which would probably be something like bdb.

I would use rsync as it means that if it is interrupted for any reason, then you can restart it easily with very little cost. And being rsync, it can even restart part way through a large file. As others mention, it can exclude files easily. The simplest way to preserve most things is to use the -a flag – ‘archive.’ So:

rsync -a source dest

Although UID/GID and symlinks are preserved by -a (see -lpgo), your question implies you might want a full copy of the filesystem information; and -a doesn't include hard-links, extended attributes, or ACLs (on Linux) or the above nor resource forks (on OS X.) Thus, for a robust copy of a filesystem, you'll need to include those flags:

rsync -aHAX source dest # Linux
rsync -aHE source dest  # OS X

The default cp will start again, though the -u flag will "copy only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing". And the -a (archive) flag will be recursive, not recopy files if you have to restart and preserve permissions. So:

cp -au source dest