Linux – shutdown: What is difference between “Power Off” and “Halt”

A hard link traditionally shares the same file system structures (inode in unixspeak), while a soft-link is a pathname redirect.

• Hardlinks must be on the same filesystem, softlinks can cross filesystems.
• Hardlinked files stay linked even if you move either of them (unless you move one to another file system triggering the copy-and-delete mechanism). Softlinked files break if you move the target (original), and sometimes when you move the link (Did you use an absolute or relative path? Is it still valid?).
• Hardlinked files are co-equal, while the original is special in softlinks, and deleting the original deletes the data. The data does not go away until all hardlinks are deleted.
• Softlinks can point at any target, but most OS/filesystems disallow hardlinking directories to prevent cycles in the filesystem graph (with the exception of the . and .. entries in unix directories which are hard links).
• Softlinks can require special support from filesystem walking tools. Read up on readlink (2).

(Some details brought back to mind by mat1t. Thanks.)

When your computer is shut down (or the cron daemon is otherwise not running), cron jobs will not be started.

If you have jobs that you would like to run after the fact during those times when the computer is shut down, use anacron. Installed by default, see "man anacron", "man anacrontab", or the file /etc/anacrontab for more info.

Ubuntu uses anacron by default for crontab entries in:

/etc/cron.daily
/etc/cron.weekly
/etc/cron.monthly

leaving the remaining crontabs to be handled by the main cron daemon, specifically:

/etc/crontab
/etc/cron.d
/var/spool/cron

NOTES

Anacron itself does not run as a daemon, but relies on system startup scripts and cron itself to run.

On the Ubuntu 8.04 box I'm looking at, /etc/init.d/anacron is run at boot, and again by cron each morning at 07:30.

The README at /usr/share/doc/anacron/README.gz has a slight bit more info than is contained in the manpages.

EXAMPLES

For simple "daily", "weekly", "monthly" jobs, put a copy of or a symlink to the script in one of the /etc/cron.{daily|weekly|monthly} directories above. Anacron will take care of running it daily/weekly/monthly, and if your computer is off on the day the "weekly" scripts would normally run, it'll run them the next time the computer is on.

As another example, assuming you have a script here: /usr/local/sbin/maint.sh

And you wish to run it every three days, the standard entry in /etc/crontab would look like this:

# m h dom mon dow user  command
0 0 */3 * * root /usr/local/sbin/maint.sh

If your computer was not on at 00:00 on the 3rd of the month, the job would not run until the 6th.

To have the job instead run on the 4th when the computer is off and "misses" the run on the 3rd, you'd use this in /etc/anacrontab (don't forget to remove the line from /etc/crontab):

# period delay job-identifier command
3 5 maint-job /usr/local/sbin/maint.sh

The "delay" of "5" above means that anacron will wait for 5 minutes before it runs this job. The idea is to prevent anacron from firing things off immediately at boot time.