Times change and so do best practices.
The current best way to do this is to run systemctl edit myservice, which will create an override file for you or let you edit an existing one.
In normal installations this will create a directory /etc/systemd/system/myservice.service.d, and inside that directory create a file whose name ends in .conf (typically, override.conf), and in this file you can add to or override any part of the unit shipped by the distribution.
For instance, in a file /etc/systemd/system/myservice.service.d/myenv.conf:
[Service]
Environment="SECRET=pGNqduRFkB4K9C2vijOmUDa2kPtUhArN"
Environment="ANOTHER_SECRET=JP8YLOc2bsNlrGuD6LVTq7L36obpjzxd"
Also note that if the directory exists and is empty, your service will be disabled! If you don't intend to put something in the directory, ensure that it does not exist.
For reference, the old way was:
The recommended way to do this is to create a file /etc/sysconfig/myservice which contains your variables, and then load them with EnvironmentFile.
For complete details, see Fedora's documentation on how to write a systemd script.
How to fix all of your crontab related woes/problems (Linux)
This is a community wiki, if you notice anything incorrect with this answer or have additional information then please edit it.
First, basic terminology:
- cron(8) is the daemon that executes scheduled commands.
- crontab(1) is the program used to modify user crontab(5) files.
- crontab(5) is a per user file that contains instructions for cron(8).
Next, education about cron:
Every user on a system may have their own crontab file. The location of the root and user crontab files are system dependant but they are generally below /var/spool/cron.
There is a system-wide /etc/crontab file, the /etc/cron.d directory may contain crontab fragments which are also read and actioned by cron. Some Linux distributions (eg, Red Hat) also have /etc/cron.{hourly,daily,weekly,monthly} which are directories, scripts inside which will be executed every hour/day/week/month, with root privilege.
root can always use the crontab command; regular users may or may not be granted access. When you edit the crontab file with the command crontab -e and save it, crond checks it for basic validity but does not guarantee your crontab file is correctly formed. There is a file called cron.deny which will specify which users cannot use cron. The cron.deny file location is system dependent and can be deleted which will allow all users to use cron.
If the computer is not powered on or crond daemon is not running, and the date/time for a command to run has passed, crond will not catchup and run past queries.
crontab particulars, how to formulate a command:
A crontab command is represented by a single line. You cannot use \ to extend a command over multiple lines. The hash (#) sign represents a comment which means anything on that line is ignored by cron. Leading whitespace and blank lines are ignored.
Be VERY careful when using the percent (%) sign in your command. Unless they are escaped \% they are converted into newlines and everything after the first non-escaped % is passed to your command on stdin.
There are two formats for crontab files:
User crontabs
# Example of job definition:
# .---------------- minute (0 - 59)
# | .------------- hour (0 - 23)
# | | .---------- day of month (1 - 31)
# | | | .------- month (1 - 12) OR jan,feb,mar,apr ...
# | | | | .---- day of week (0 - 6) (Sunday=0 or 7)
# | | | | |
# * * * * * command to be executed
System wide /etc/crontab and /etc/cron.d fragments
# Example of job definition:
# .---------------- minute (0 - 59)
# | .------------- hour (0 - 23)
# | | .---------- day of month (1 - 31)
# | | | .------- month (1 - 12) OR jan,feb,mar,apr ...
# | | | | .---- day of week (0 - 6) (Sunday=0 or 7)
# | | | | |
# * * * * * user-name command to be executed
Notice that the latter requires a user-name. The command will be run as the named user.
The first 5 fields of the line represent the time(s) when the command should be run.
You can use numbers or where applicable day/month names in the time specification.
- The fields are separated by spaces or tabs.
- A comma (
,) is used to specify a list e.g 1,4,6,8 which means run at 1,4,6,8.
- Ranges are specified with a dash (
-) and may be combined with lists e.g. 1-3,9-12 which means between 1 and 3 then between 9 and 12.
- The
/ character can be used to introduce a step e.g. 2/5 which means starting at 2 then every 5 (2,7,12,17,22...). They do not wrap past the end.
- An asterisk (
*) in a field signifies the entire range for that field (e.g. 0-59 for the minute field).
- Ranges and steps can be combined e.g.
*/2 signifies starting at the minimum for the relevant field then every 2 e.g. 0 for minutes( 0,2...58), 1 for months (1,3 ... 11) etc.
Debugging cron commands
Check the mail!
By default cron will mail any output from the command to the user it is running the command as. If there is no output there will be no mail. If you want cron to send mail to a different account then you can set the MAILTO environment variable in the crontab file e.g.
MAILTO=user@somehost.tld
1 2 * * * /path/to/your/command
Capture the output yourself
You can redirect stdout and stderr to a file. The exact syntax for capturing output may vary depending on what shell cron is using. Here are two examples which save all output to a file at /tmp/mycommand.log:
1 2 * * * /path/to/your/command &>/tmp/mycommand.log
1 2 * * * /path/to/your/command >/tmp/mycommand.log 2>&1
Look at the logs
Cron logs its actions via syslog, which (depending on your setup) often go to /var/log/cron or /var/log/syslog.
If required you can filter the cron statements with e.g.
grep CRON /var/log/syslog
Now that we've gone over the basics of cron, where the files are and how to use them let's look at some common problems.
Check that cron is running
If cron isn't running then your commands won't be scheduled ...
ps -ef | grep cron | grep -v grep
should get you something like
root 1224 1 0 Nov16 ? 00:00:03 cron
or
root 2018 1 0 Nov14 ? 00:00:06 crond
If not restart it
/sbin/service cron start
or
/sbin/service crond start
There may be other methods; use what your distro provides.
cron runs your command in a restricted environment.
What environment variables are available is likely to be very limited. Typically, you'll only get a few variables defined, such as $LOGNAME, $HOME, and $PATH.
Of particular note is the PATH is restricted to /bin:/usr/bin. The vast majority of "my cron script doesn't work" problems are caused by this restrictive path. If your command is in a different location you can solve this in a couple of ways:
Provide the full path to your command.
1 2 * * * /path/to/your/command
Provide a suitable PATH in the crontab file
PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/path/to/something/else
1 2 * * * command
If your command requires other environment variables you can define them in the crontab file too.
cron runs your command with cwd == $HOME
Regardless of where the program you execute resides on the filesystem, the current working directory of the program when cron runs it will be the user's home directory. If you access files in your program, you'll need to take this into account if you use relative paths, or (preferably) just use fully-qualified paths everywhere, and save everyone a whole lot of confusion.
The last command in my crontab doesn't run
Cron generally requires that commands are terminated with a new line. Edit your crontab; go to the end of the line which contains the last command and insert a new line (press enter).
Check the crontab format
You can't use a user crontab formatted crontab for /etc/crontab or the fragments in /etc/cron.d and vice versa. A user formatted crontab does not include a username in the 6th position of a row, while a system formatted crontab includes the username and runs the command as that user.
I put a file in /etc/cron.{hourly,daily,weekly,monthly} and it doesn't run
- Check that the filename doesn't have an extension see run-parts
- Ensure the file has execute permissions.
- Tell the system what to use when executing your script (eg. put
#!/bin/sh at top)
Cron date related bugs
If your date is recently changed by a user or system update, timezone or other, then crontab will start behaving erratically and exhibit bizarre bugs, sometimes working, sometimes not. This is crontab's attempt to try to "do what you want" when the time changes out from underneath it. The "minute" field will become ineffective after the hour is changed. In this scenario, only asterisks would be accepted. Restart cron and try it again without connecting to the internet (so the date doesn't have a chance to reset to one of the time servers).
Percent signs, again
To emphasise the advice about percent signs, here's an example of what cron does with them:
# cron entry
* * * * * cat >$HOME/cron.out%foo%bar%baz
will create the ~/cron.out file containing the 3 lines
foo
bar
baz
This is particularly intrusive when using the date command. Be sure to escape the percent signs
* * * * * /path/to/command --day "$(date "+\%Y\%m\%d")"
How to use sudo in cron jobs
when running as a non-root user,
crontab -e
will open the user's crontab, while
sudo crontab -e
will open the root user's crontab. It's not recommended to run sudo commands in a cron job, so if you're trying to run a sudo command in a user's cron, try moving that command to root's cron and remove sudo from the command.
Best Answer
This worked when I compiled the kernel with the option CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT. Without this setting, the kernel disables the watchdog when the daemon is stopped.
Also, the error unregister_netdevice went away when I upgraded to 4.4 kernel