In many tutorials I see examples to add an IPv6 address on Linux like
ip -6 addr add 2001:0db8:0:f101::1/64 dev eth0
Since an IPv6 address has 128 bits and this is only supposed to add a single IP, why is it done /64 and not /128 ?
Linux – Why add an IPv6 address as /64
ipv6linuxnetworking
Related Solutions
First and foremost, there is nothing to fear from being on a public IP allocation, so long as your security devices are configured right.
What should I be replacing NAT with, if we don't have physically separate networks?
The same thing we've been physically separating them with since the 1980's, routers and firewalls. The one big security gain you get with NAT is that it forces you into a default-deny configuration. In order to get any service through it, you have to explicitly punch holes. The fancier devices even allow you to apply IP-based ACLs to those holes, just like a firewall. Probably because they have 'Firewall' on the box, actually.
A correctly configured firewall provides exactly the same service as a NAT gateway. NAT gateways are frequently used because they're easier to get into a secure config than most firewalls.
I hear that IPv6 and IPSEC are supposed to make all this secure somehow, but without physically separated networks that make these devices invisible to the Internet, I really can't see how.
This is a misconception. I work for a University that has a /16 IPv4 allocation, and the vast, vast majority of our IP address consumption is on that public allocation. Certainly all of our end-user workstations and printers. Our RFC1918 consumption is limited to network devices and certain specific servers where such addresses are required. I would not be surprised if you just shivered just now, because I certainly did when I showed up on my first day and saw the post-it on my monitor with my IP address.
And yet, we survive. Why? Because we have an exterior firewall configured for default-deny with limited ICMP throughput. Just because 140.160.123.45 is theoretically routeable, does not mean you can get there from wherever you are on the public internet. This is what firewalls were designed to do.
Given the right router configs, and different subnets in our allocation can be completely unreachable from each other. You do can do this in router tables or firewalls. This is a separate network and has satisfied our security auditors in the past.
There's no way in hell I'll put our billing database (With lots of credit card information!) on the internet for everyone to see.
Our billing database is on a public IPv4 address, and has been for its entire existence, but we have proof you can't get there from here. Just because an address is on the public v4 routeable list does not mean it is guaranteed to be delivered. The two firewalls between the evils of the Internet and the actual database ports filter out the evil. Even from my desk, behind the first firewall, I can't get to that database.
Credit-card information is one special case. That's subject to the PCI-DSS standards, and the standards state directly that servers that contain such data have to be behind a NAT gateway1. Ours are, and these three servers represent our total server usage of RFC1918 addresses. It doesn't add any security, just a layer of complexity, but we need to get that checkbox checked for audits.
The original "IPv6 makes NAT a thing of the past" idea was put forward before the Internet boom really hit full mainstream. In 1995 NAT was a workaround for getting around a small IP allocation. In 2005 it was enshrined in many Security Best Practices document, and at least one major standard (PCI-DSS to be specific). The only concrete benefit NAT gives is that an external entity performing recon on the network doesn't know what the IP landscape looks like behind the NAT device (though thanks to RFC1918 they have a good guess), and on NAT-free IPv4 (such as my work) that isn't the case. It's a small step in defense-in-depth, not a big one.
The replacement for RFC1918 addresses are what are called Unique Local Addresses. Like RFC1918, they don't route unless peers specifically agree to let them route. Unlike RFC1918, they are (probably) globally unique. IPv6 address translators that translate a ULA to a Global IP do exist in the higher range perimeter gear, definitely not in the SOHO gear yet.
You can survive just fine with a public IP address. Just keep in mind that 'public' does not guarantee 'reachable', and you'll be fine.
2017 update
In the past few months, Amazon aws has been adding IPv6 support. It has just been added to their amazon-vpc offering, and their implementation gives some clues as to how large scale deployments are expected to be done.
- You are given a /56 allocation (256 subnets).
- The allocation is a fully routeable subnet.
- You are expected to set your firewall-rules (security-groups) appropriately restrictive.
- There is no NAT, it's not even offered, so all outbound traffic will come from the actual IP address of the instance.
To add one of the security benefits of NAT back in, they are now offering an Egress-only Internet Gateway. This offers one NAT-like benefit:
- Subnets behind it can't be directly accessed from the internet.
Which provides a layer of defense-in-depth, in case a misconfigred firewall rule accidentally allows inbound traffic.
This offering does not translate the internal address into a single address the way NAT does. Outbound traffic will still have the source IP of the instance that opened the connection. Firewall operators looking to whitelist resources in the VPC will be better off whitelisting netblocks, rather than specific IP addresses.
Routeable does not always mean reachable.
1: The PCI-DSS standards changed in October 2010, the statement mandating RFC1918 addresses was removed, and 'network isolation' replaced it.
Link scope, fe80::/10 (it's practically implemented as a /64, but the whole /10 is reserved), is isolated to devices on a layer 2 segment. You can use a device's fe80 address to communicate within the segment, but you'll need an address with a different scope to do any communication that requires routing outside of the segment.
Regarding your edit: While the idea of a private addressing is certainly in place in IPv4 (169.254/16 and the RFC 1918 ranges), the implementation of those is somewhat different due to the prevalence of NAT. In contrast, link-scope addresses and the fc00::/7 range (which is roughly equivalent to the RFC1918 ranges of IPv4) exist and are used alongside the global address of each device.
Special handling is in place in many implementations to account for an address' scope that wasn't needed in IPv4 implementations.
Best Answer
The IPv6 addressing architecture (RFC4291) requires all unicast addresses always have a prefix length of 64 bits. Using something other than a /64 will break a number of IPv6 features such as neighbor discovery, secure neighbor discovery (SEND), privacy extensions, mobile IPv6, embedded-RP (multicast), etc.
The current IPv6 address assignment guidelines call for allocating a /64 only when it is known that one and only one subnet is needed, otherwise a /56 should be allocated to small sites that are "expected to need only a few subnets over the next 5 years", or a /48 for larger sites. (ARIN policy 6.5.4.1)
A number of free tunnel brokers currently offer /48s. You could easily set up 65,536 globally routed /64s at home right now if you wanted to. (e.g. Hurricane Electric will give anyone a /48)
If that seems wasteful, consider that there are over 16 million times as many /48s possible as IPv4 /24s. And twice as many /48s as there are square centimeters of landmass on the earth. (2.8✕1014 versus 1.4✕1014 cm2).