Rsync hangs when transfering large files on an bad connection

I would recommend tar. When the file trees are already similar, rsync performs very well. However, since rsync will do multiple analysis passes on each file, and then copy the changes, it is much slower than tar for the initial copy. This command will likely do what you want. It will copy the files between the machines, as well as preserve both permissions and user/group ownerships.

tar -c /path/to/dir | ssh remote_server 'tar -xvf - -C /absolute/path/to/remotedir'

As per Mackintosh's comment below this is the command you would use for rsync

rsync -avW -e ssh /path/to/dir/ remote_server:/path/to/remotedir

I would use rsync as it means that if it is interrupted for any reason, then you can restart it easily with very little cost. And being rsync, it can even restart part way through a large file. As others mention, it can exclude files easily. The simplest way to preserve most things is to use the -a flag – ‘archive.’ So:

rsync -a source dest

Although UID/GID and symlinks are preserved by -a (see -lpgo), your question implies you might want a full copy of the filesystem information; and -a doesn't include hard-links, extended attributes, or ACLs (on Linux) or the above nor resource forks (on OS X.) Thus, for a robust copy of a filesystem, you'll need to include those flags:

rsync -aHAX source dest # Linux
rsync -aHE source dest  # OS X

The default cp will start again, though the -u flag will "copy only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing". And the -a (archive) flag will be recursive, not recopy files if you have to restart and preserve permissions. So:

cp -au source dest