Design – Are there any programming languages that follow a minimalist development approach

It sounds fine, but rarely works out in practice; people are extremely reluctant to change running code, and even for new, green-field projects they are very reluctant to switch way from a language/version that they already know.

Changing existing, running code that "works fine" is not something that ranks high on any project's priority list. Rather than applying effort to things that the managers thought had been paid for already, just to be able to upgrade to a newer release of a language or platform, they will decree that the developers should just stay on the old release "for now". You can try to entice your users with great features only available in the new release, but it's a gamble where you risk decreasing your user base for no clear gain for the language; cool, modern features cannot easily be weighed against the price of fragmented installation base in popular opinion, and you run the risk of getting a reputation for being an "upgrade treadmill" that requires constant effort to keep running when compared to more relaxed languages/platforms.

(Obviously, most of this doesn't apply to projects written by hobbyists just for their own pleasure. However (here be flamebait...) PHP is disproportionally rarely chosen by hackers because it's such a pleasure to write with in the first place.)

Adjectives are really just attribute evaluation. Here's how I might handle it in JavaScript.

function PersonAdjectiveConstructor(person) {
    this.isTall = (person.height >= 6);
    this.isRich = (person.pocketMoney >= 1000000);
    this.isSmart = (person.iq > person.shoeSize);
    this.isInsufferable = ( this.tall && this.rich && this.smart );
    //formerly (for comment context):
    //this.isInsufferable = ( this.smart && this.rich && this.smart );
}

function PersonConstructor(personAttributes){

    for(var x in personAttributes){
        this[x] = personAttributes[x];
    }    

    var adjectives = new PersonAdjectiveConstructor(this);

    for(var x in adjectives){
        this[x] = adjectives[x];
    }
}

var bob = new PersonConstructor({ shoeSize:11, iq:12, height:6.25, pocketMoney:2000000 });

console.log(bob.isInsufferable);//true