Function Pointer – Does Function Pointer Have the Same Expressive Power as Function as Parameter?

What is the bare minimum needed to implement a functional language?

A Lambda. That's all. (See the lambda calculus.)

From there, you can construct functions to perform every task and represent many values. You can define new (named) functions with the Y-combinator form (PDF), and represent several values (like true and false) as functions. (Taking the idea to the extreme, you can represent all integral values as Church numerals.)

You don't even really need a special if form. It can be constructed as a collection of functions. JavaScript example:

true = function(x,y){ return x; }
false = function(x,y){ return y; }
ifelse = function(x,a,b){ x(a,b)() }
not = function(x){ return x(false,true) }
and = function(x,y){ return x(y,false) }
or = function(x,y){ return x(true,y) }

bool = and(not(true),or(true,false))
ifelse(bool, 
    function(){ alert("true!") }, 
    function(){ alert("false!") }
)

Unlambda is a real language that takes this idea to the logical extreme. It has only one type (lambda functions), and a handful of special convenience forms such as the identity function, K- and S-combinators, and a print function (which, except for print, can all be expressed as a collection of lambdas).

Is Javascript a functional language? I know it has objects & you can do OOP with it also, but is it also a functional language, can it be used in that way?

Sometimes, people will say functional programming, when what they mean is imperative programming or procedural programming. Strictly speaking, functional programming is:

In computer science, functional programming is a programming paradigm that treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable data. It emphasizes the application of functions, in contrast to the imperative programming style, which emphasizes changes in state. Functional programming has its roots in lambda calculus, a formal system developed in the 1930s to investigate function definition, function application, and recursion. Many functional programming languages can be viewed as elaborations on the lambda calculus.

Although Javascript is not widely known or used as a functional language, it does have some functional elements:

JavaScript has much in common with Scheme. It is a dynamic language. It has a flexible datatype (arrays) that can easily simulate s-expressions. And most importantly, functions are lambdas.

Scheme is a dialect of Lisp, and probably one of the languages most programmers think of when they discuss functional programming. When it comes to object orientation, Javascript is an object oriented language. But its object orientation is prototype based:

Prototype-based programming is a style of object-oriented programming in which classes are not present, and behavior reuse (known as inheritance in class-based languages) is performed via a process of cloning existing objects that serve as prototypes. This model can also be known as classless, prototype-oriented or instance-based programming. Delegation is the language feature that supports prototype-based programming.

So although Javascript is object oriented, it doesn't follow the more common class based model, as do languages as C++, C#, Java and PHP (and quite a few others). And of course it's also an imperative language, which leads to the confusion with functional programming I described above.

You know how OOP became/seems like the next evolution in programming, does that mean that 'Functional Programming' is the next evolution

Object orientation and functional programming are just two of the many different programming paradigms, they are different styles of programming with different concepts and abstractions. The key word is "different". There isn't a single paradigm that's better than others or more evolved than others, each and every one fits some scenarios better than the others. Some may be quite older in origin than others, but in evolutionary terms that makes them better, as they have survided longer. But that's not a very smart way of looking at it.

Javascript, as I described above and as quite a few other languages, is multi-paradigm. It allows you to write code in imperative, prototype based object oriented and functional style. It's up to you to choose which one best fits whatever you are building. There are also several single paradigm languages, the canonical example being Java, which only allows for class based object oriented programming¹.

You should really resist any urge to treat languages & paradigms as fashion statements. There's an abudance of crap out there, mostly written by fanboys / fangirls or marketing people, with little (if any) knowledge and understanding of programming. Terms like "better", "more evolved" etc, simply don't apply.

I learn best through examples, maybe someone could show performing the same task in a OOP way & then in a Functional Programming way for myself to understand & compare what functional programming does/is.

That would be a terrible way to learn. Functional and object orientation are quite different styles, and any example other than terribly simple ones would not fit one or the other style.

_{¹ But lately tries to expand its scope to generic programming, let's see how that goes.}

In conclusion:

• Concentrate on learning Javascript, it's a beautiful and extremly useful language. Learn the language, not the hype.
• Quite a few different paradigms, all equally useful. Up to you to choose which one you prefer and which one fits best whatever you're building.
• If you want to learn functional programming, choose a more suited language, like Scheme or Clojure. But you'll first need to understand the mathematical concepts involved.
• Do some research before you ask. Most of your questions are answered by the relevant Wikipedia articles. Knowing how to research and how to ask is an extremely important skill for any programmer.