C++ – Drawing lines with Bresenham’s Line Algorithm

bresenhamcgraphics

My computer graphics homework is to implement OpenGL algorithms using only the ability to draw points.

So obviously I need to get drawLine() to work before I can draw anything else. drawLine() has to be done using integers only. No floating point.

This is what I was taught. Basically, lines can be broken up into 4 different categories, positive steep, positive shallow, negative steep and negative shallow. This is the picture I am supposed to draw:

expected result

and this is the picture my program is drawing:

actual result

The colors are done for us. We are given vertices and we need to use Bresenham's Line algorithm to draw the lines based on the start and end points.

This is what I have so far:

int dx = end.x - start.x;
int dy = end.y - start.y;

//initialize varibales
int d;
int dL;
int dU;

if (dy > 0){
        if (dy > dx){
                //+steep
                d = dy - 2*dx;
                dL = -2*dx;
                dU = 2*dy - 2*dx;

                for (int x = start.x, y = start.y; y <= end.y; y++){
                        Vertex v(x,y);
                        drawPoint(v);

                        if (d >= 1){
                                d += dL;
                        }else{
                                x++;
                                d += dU;
                        }
                }              
        } else {
                //+shallow
                d = 2*dy - dx;
                dL = 2*dy;
                dU = 2*dy - 2*dx;

                for (int x = start.x, y = start.y; x <= end.x; x++) {
                        Vertex v(x,y);
                        drawPoint(v);

                        // if choosing L, next y will stay the same, we only need
                        // to update d by dL
                        if (d <= 0) {
                                d += dL;
                        // otherwise choose U, y moves up 1
                        } else {
                                y++;
                                d += dU;
                        }
                }
        }
} else {
        if (-dy > dx){
                cout << "-steep\n";
                //-steep
                d = dy - 2*dx;
                //south
                dL = 2*dx;
                //southeast
                dU = 2*dy - 2*dx;

                for (int x = start.x, y = start.y; y >= end.y; --y){
                        Vertex v(x,y);
                        drawPoint(v);

                        //if choosing L, next x will stay the same, we only need
                        //to update d
                        if (d >= 1){
                                d -= dL;
                        } else {
                                x++;
                                d -= dU;
                        }
                }

        } else {
                cout << "-shallow\n";
                //-shallow
                d = 2*dy - dx;
                dL = 2*dy;
                dU = 2*dy - 2*dx;

                for (int x = start.x, y = start.y; x <= end.x; x++){
                        Vertex v(x,y);
                        drawPoint(v);

                        if (d >= 0){
                                d += dL;
                        } else {
                                --y;
                                d -= dU;
                        }
                }
        }
}

I know my error is going to be something silly, but I honestly cannot figure out what I am doing wrong. Why are some of the lines drawn incorrectly as shown above?

Best Answer

/*BRESENHAAM ALGORITHM FOR LINE DRAWING*/
#include<iostream.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<dos.h>
void bhm_line(int,int,int,int,int);
void main()
{
 int ghdriver=DETECT,ghmode,errorcode,x1,x2,y1,y2;
 initgraph(&ghdriver,&ghmode,"..\\bgi");
 errorcode = graphresult();
 if(errorcode !=grOk)
 {
  cout<<"Graphics error:%s\n"<<grapherrormsg(errorcode);
  cout<<"Press any key to halt:";
  getch();
  exit(1);
 }
 clrscr();
 cout<<"Enter the coordinates (x1,y1): ";
 cin>>x1>>y1;
 cout<<"Enter the coordinates (x2,y2): ";
 cin>>x2>>y2;
 bhm_line(x1,y1,x2,y2,1);
 getch();
}
void bhm_line(int x1,int y1,int x2,int y2,int c)
{
 int x,y,dx,dy,dx1,dy1,px,py,xe,ye,i;
 dx=x2-x1;
 dy=y2-y1;
 dx1=fabs(dx);
 dy1=fabs(dy);
 px=2*dy1-dx1;
 py=2*dx1-dy1;
 if(dy1<=dx1)
 {
  if(dx>=0)
  {
   x=x1;
   y=y1;
   xe=x2;
  }
  else
  {
   x=x2;
   y=y2;
   xe=x1;
  }
  putpixel(x,y,c);
  for(i=0;x<xe;i++)
  {
   x=x+1;
   if(px<0)
   {
    px=px+2*dy1;
   }
   else
   {
    if((dx<0 && dy<0) || (dx>0 && dy>0))
    {
     y=y+1;
    }
    else
    {
     y=y-1;
    }
    px=px+2*(dy1-dx1);
   }
   delay(0);
   putpixel(x,y,c);
  }
 }
 else
 {
  if(dy>=0)
  {
   x=x1;
   y=y1;
   ye=y2;
  }
  else
  {
   x=x2;
   y=y2;
   ye=y1;
  }
  putpixel(x,y,c);
  for(i=0;y<ye;i++)
  {
   y=y+1;
   if(py<=0)
   {
    py=py+2*dx1;
   }
   else
   {
    if((dx<0 && dy<0) || (dx>0 && dy>0))
    {
     x=x+1;
    }
    else
    {
     x=x-1;
    }
    py=py+2*(dx1-dy1);
   }
   delay(0);
   putpixel(x,y,c);
  }
 }
}
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