Forward declaration of enums is possible since C++11. Previously, the reason enum types couldn't be forward declared was because the size of the enumeration depended on its contents. As long as the size of the enumeration is specified by the application, it can be forward declared:
enum Enum1; // Illegal in C++03 and C++11; no size is explicitly specified.
enum Enum2 : unsigned int; // Legal in C++11.
enum class Enum3; // Legal in C++11, because enum class declarations have a default type of "int".
enum class Enum4: unsigned int; // Legal C++11.
enum Enum2 : unsigned short; // Illegal in C++11, because Enum2 was previously declared with a different type.
If you just want to pass a std::string
to a function that needs const char*
you can use
std::string str;
const char * c = str.c_str();
If you want to get a writable copy, like char *
, you can do that with this:
std::string str;
char * writable = new char[str.size() + 1];
std::copy(str.begin(), str.end(), writable);
writable[str.size()] = '\0'; // don't forget the terminating 0
// don't forget to free the string after finished using it
delete[] writable;
Edit: Notice that the above is not exception safe. If anything between the new
call and the delete
call throws, you will leak memory, as nothing will call delete
for you automatically. There are two immediate ways to solve this.
boost::scoped_array
boost::scoped_array
will delete the memory for you upon going out of scope:
std::string str;
boost::scoped_array<char> writable(new char[str.size() + 1]);
std::copy(str.begin(), str.end(), writable.get());
writable[str.size()] = '\0'; // don't forget the terminating 0
// get the char* using writable.get()
// memory is automatically freed if the smart pointer goes
// out of scope
std::vector
This is the standard way (does not require any external library). You use std::vector
, which completely manages the memory for you.
std::string str;
std::vector<char> writable(str.begin(), str.end());
writable.push_back('\0');
// get the char* using &writable[0] or &*writable.begin()
Best Answer
You need to define static variables in a translation unit, unless they are of integral types.
In your header:
In the .cpp file:
C++ standard, 9.4.2/4: