You have to define your static member outside the class definition and provide the initializer there.
First
// In a header file (if it is in a header file in your case)
class A {
private:
static const string RECTANGLE;
};
and then
// In one of the implementation files
const string A::RECTANGLE = "rectangle";
The syntax you were originally trying to use (initializer inside class definition) is only allowed with integral and enum types.
Starting from C++17 you have another option, which is quite similar to your original declaration: inline variables
// In a header file (if it is in a header file in your case)
class A {
private:
inline static const string RECTANGLE = "rectangle";
};
No additional definition is needed.
Starting from C++20 instead of const you can declare it constexpr in this variant. Explicit inline would no longer be necessary, since constexpr implies inline.
Why I can't initialize static data members in class?
The C++ standard allows only static constant integral or enumeration types to be initialized inside the class. This is the reason a is allowed to be initialized while others are not.
Reference:
C++03 9.4.2 Static data members
§4
If a static data member is of const integral or const enumeration type, its declaration in the class definition can specify a constant-initializer which shall be an integral constant expression (5.19). In that case, the member can appear in integral constant expressions. The member shall still be defined in a namespace scope if it is used in the program and the namespace scope definition shall not contain an initializer.
What are integral types?
C++03 3.9.1 Fundamental types
§7
Types bool, char, wchar_t, and the signed and unsigned integer types are collectively called integral types.43) A synonym for integral type is integer type.
Footnote:
43) Therefore, enumerations (7.2) are not integral; however, enumerations can be promoted to int, unsigned int, long, or unsigned long, as specified in 4.5.
Workaround:
You could use the enum trick to initialize an array inside your class definition.
class A
{
static const int a = 3;
enum { arrsize = 2 };
static const int c[arrsize] = { 1, 2 };
};
Why does the Standard does not allow this?
Bjarne explains this aptly here:
A class is typically declared in a header file and a header file is typically included into many translation units. However, to avoid complicated linker rules, C++ requires that every object has a unique definition. That rule would be broken if C++ allowed in-class definition of entities that needed to be stored in memory as objects.
Why are only static const integral types & enums allowed In-class Initialization?
The answer is hidden in Bjarne's quote read it closely,
"C++ requires that every object has a unique definition. That rule would be broken if C++ allowed in-class definition of entities that needed to be stored in memory as objects."
Note that only static const integers can be treated as compile time constants. The compiler knows that the integer value will not change anytime and hence it can apply its own magic and apply optimizations, the compiler simply inlines such class members i.e, they are not stored in memory anymore, As the need of being stored in memory is removed, it gives such variables the exception to rule mentioned by Bjarne.
It is noteworthy to note here that even if static const integral values can have In-Class Initialization, taking address of such variables is not allowed. One can take the address of a static member if (and only if) it has an out-of-class definition.This further validates the reasoning above.
enums are allowed this because values of an enumerated type can be used where ints are expected.see citation above
How does this change in C++11?
C++11 relaxes the restriction to certain extent.
C++11 9.4.2 Static data members
§3
If a static data member is of const literal type, its declaration in the class definition can specify a brace-or-equal-initializer in which every initializer-clause that is an assignment-expression is a constant expression. A static data member of literal type can be declared in the class definition with the constexpr specifier; if so, its declaration shall specify a brace-or-equal-initializer in which every initializer-clause that is an assignment-expression is a constant expression. [ Note: In both these cases, the member may appear in constant expressions. —end note ] The member shall still be defined in a namespace scope if it is used in the program and the namespace scope definition shall not contain an initializer.
Also, C++11 will allow(§12.6.2.8) a non-static data member to be initialized where it is declared(in its class). This will mean much easy user semantics.
Note that these features have not yet been implemented in latest gcc 4.7, So you might still get compilation errors.
Best Answer
Prior to C++11, you could not initialize static members of non-integral/enumeration types in the class declaration (but you can outside of the class declaration). The rule governing
constexprcarries that forward, but allows you to initialize it usingconstexprin the class declaration (so you don't need code like the following anymore):One of the side effects of this rule was to simplify your class structure instead of making it ugly (like the above code).
One of the reasons why this was the case prior to C++11's addition of
constexprwas the standard did not specify how floating points were to be implemented (it is left to the processor/architecture - for example, when you sayfloat x = 1.6f, it is actually1.6000000000024on most systems).