Two options:

1. Use a NumericUpDown instead. NumericUpDown does the filtering for you, which is nice. Of course it also gives your users the ability to hit the up and down arrows on the keyboard to increment and decrement the current value.

2. Handle the appropriate keyboard events to prevent anything but numeric input. I've had success with this two event handlers on a standard TextBox:

   private void textBox1_KeyPress(object sender, KeyPressEventArgs e)
   {
       if (!char.IsControl(e.KeyChar) && !char.IsDigit(e.KeyChar) &&
           (e.KeyChar != '.'))
       {
               e.Handled = true;
       }
   
       // only allow one decimal point
       if ((e.KeyChar == '.') && ((sender as TextBox).Text.IndexOf('.') > -1))
       {
           e.Handled = true;
       }
   }
   

You can remove the check for '.' (and the subsequent check for more than one '.') if your TextBox shouldn't allow decimal places. You could also add a check for '-' if your TextBox should allow negative values.

If you want to limit the user for number of digit, use: textBox1.MaxLength = 2; // this will allow the user to enter only 2 digits

^{Note: This is an updated answer. Comments below refer to an old version which messed around with keycodes.}

JavaScript

Try it yourself on JSFiddle.

You can filter the input values of a text <input> with the following setInputFilter function (supports Copy+Paste, Drag+Drop, keyboard shortcuts, context menu operations, non-typeable keys, the caret position, different keyboard layouts, and all browsers since IE 9):

// Restricts input for the given textbox to the given inputFilter function.
function setInputFilter(textbox, inputFilter) {
  ["input", "keydown", "keyup", "mousedown", "mouseup", "select", "contextmenu", "drop"].forEach(function(event) {
    textbox.addEventListener(event, function() {
      if (inputFilter(this.value)) {
        this.oldValue = this.value;
        this.oldSelectionStart = this.selectionStart;
        this.oldSelectionEnd = this.selectionEnd;
      } else if (this.hasOwnProperty("oldValue")) {
        this.value = this.oldValue;
        this.setSelectionRange(this.oldSelectionStart, this.oldSelectionEnd);
      } else {
        this.value = "";
      }
    });
  });
}

You can now use the setInputFilter function to install an input filter:

setInputFilter(document.getElementById("myTextBox"), function(value) {
  return /^\d*\.?\d*$/.test(value); // Allow digits and '.' only, using a RegExp
});

See the JSFiddle demo for more input filter examples. Also note that you still must do server side validation!

TypeScript

Here is a TypeScript version of this.

function setInputFilter(textbox: Element, inputFilter: (value: string) => boolean): void {
    ["input", "keydown", "keyup", "mousedown", "mouseup", "select", "contextmenu", "drop"].forEach(function(event) {
        textbox.addEventListener(event, function(this: (HTMLInputElement | HTMLTextAreaElement) & {oldValue: string; oldSelectionStart: number | null, oldSelectionEnd: number | null}) {
            if (inputFilter(this.value)) {
                this.oldValue = this.value;
                this.oldSelectionStart = this.selectionStart;
                this.oldSelectionEnd = this.selectionEnd;
            } else if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(this, 'oldValue')) {
                this.value = this.oldValue;
                if (this.oldSelectionStart !== null &&
                    this.oldSelectionEnd !== null) {
                    this.setSelectionRange(this.oldSelectionStart, this.oldSelectionEnd);
                }
            } else {
                this.value = "";
            }
        });
    });
}

jQuery

There is also a jQuery version of this. See this answer.

HTML 5

HTML 5 has a native solution with <input type="number"> (see the specification), but note that browser support varies:

• Most browsers will only validate the input when submitting the form, and not when typing.
• Most mobile browsers don't support the step, min and max attributes.
• Chrome (version 71.0.3578.98) still allows the user to enter the characters e and E into the field. Also see this question.
• Firefox (version 64.0) and Edge (EdgeHTML version 17.17134) still allow the user to enter any text into the field.

Try it yourself on w3schools.com.