There are several differences between HashMap and Hashtable in Java:
Hashtable is synchronized, whereas HashMap is not. This makes HashMap better for non-threaded applications, as unsynchronized Objects typically perform better than synchronized ones.
Hashtable does not allow null keys or values. HashMap allows one null key and any number of null values.
One of HashMap's subclasses is LinkedHashMap, so in the event that you'd want predictable iteration order (which is insertion order by default), you could easily swap out the HashMap for a LinkedHashMap. This wouldn't be as easy if you were using Hashtable.
Since synchronization is not an issue for you, I'd recommend HashMap. If synchronization becomes an issue, you may also look at ConcurrentHashMap.
Java is always pass-by-value. Unfortunately, when we deal with objects we are really dealing with object-handles called references which are passed-by-value as well. This terminology and semantics easily confuse many beginners.
It goes like this:
public static void main(String[] args) {
Dog aDog = new Dog("Max");
Dog oldDog = aDog;
// we pass the object to foo
foo(aDog);
// aDog variable is still pointing to the "Max" dog when foo(...) returns
aDog.getName().equals("Max"); // true
aDog.getName().equals("Fifi"); // false
aDog == oldDog; // true
}
public static void foo(Dog d) {
d.getName().equals("Max"); // true
// change d inside of foo() to point to a new Dog instance "Fifi"
d = new Dog("Fifi");
d.getName().equals("Fifi"); // true
}
In the example above aDog.getName() will still return "Max". The value aDog within main is not changed in the function foo with the Dog "Fifi" as the object reference is passed by value. If it were passed by reference, then the aDog.getName() in main would return "Fifi" after the call to foo.
Likewise:
public static void main(String[] args) {
Dog aDog = new Dog("Max");
Dog oldDog = aDog;
foo(aDog);
// when foo(...) returns, the name of the dog has been changed to "Fifi"
aDog.getName().equals("Fifi"); // true
// but it is still the same dog:
aDog == oldDog; // true
}
public static void foo(Dog d) {
d.getName().equals("Max"); // true
// this changes the name of d to be "Fifi"
d.setName("Fifi");
}
In the above example, Fifi is the dog's name after call to foo(aDog) because the object's name was set inside of foo(...). Any operations that foo performs on d are such that, for all practical purposes, they are performed on aDog, but it is not possible to change the value of the variable aDog itself.
For more information on pass by reference and pass by value, consult the following SO answer: https://stackoverflow.com/a/430958/6005228. This explains more thoroughly the semantics and history behind the two and also explains why Java and many other modern languages appear to do both in certain cases.
Best Answer
The term "state" in this context is a little misleading. What it's referring to is conversational state, meaning if a client makes multiple calls the session bean has no way of knowing. Imagine a sequence of calls:
reserveSeatsOnFlight();chooseMealPreference();confirmBooking().What you have there is conversational state, meaning the second call must be made to the same bean as the first call or it just won't make sense. That's what stateful session beans do.
Stateless session beans can have instance variables but those are essentially global. If you have a pool of stateless session beans (which you might or might not depending on what the container decides to do), those instances variables might or might not exist from one call to the next. So generally avoid instance variables. There are other mechanisms for that kind of thing.
Let me give you an example. Imagine this call in a stateless session bean:
if you put in an instance variable to count the number of bookings and increment it on each call then subsequent calls might call different beans so will see different values. That's what I mean about it not necessarily making sense.
So going back to the first example, one way to handle this would be to pass state back to the caller:
See how the above no longer has conversational state? Well it does but it's now encapsulated in the
bookingIdthat you pass around. A stateless session bean could retrieve the booking and continue from where another left off.