As of jQuery 1.7 you should use jQuery.fn.on
with the selector parameter filled:
$(staticAncestors).on(eventName, dynamicChild, function() {});
Explanation:
This is called event delegation and works as followed. The event is attached to a static parent (staticAncestors
) of the element that should be handled. This jQuery handler is triggered every time the event triggers on this element or one of the descendant elements. The handler then checks if the element that triggered the event matches your selector (dynamicChild
). When there is a match then your custom handler function is executed.
Prior to this, the recommended approach was to use live()
:
$(selector).live( eventName, function(){} );
However, live()
was deprecated in 1.7 in favour of on()
, and completely removed in 1.9. The live()
signature:
$(selector).live( eventName, function(){} );
... can be replaced with the following on()
signature:
$(document).on( eventName, selector, function(){} );
For example, if your page was dynamically creating elements with the class name dosomething
you would bind the event to a parent which already exists (this is the nub of the problem here, you need something that exists to bind to, don't bind to the dynamic content), this can be (and the easiest option) is document
. Though bear in mind document
may not be the most efficient option.
$(document).on('mouseover mouseout', '.dosomething', function(){
// what you want to happen when mouseover and mouseout
// occurs on elements that match '.dosomething'
});
Any parent that exists at the time the event is bound is fine. For example
$('.buttons').on('click', 'button', function(){
// do something here
});
would apply to
<div class="buttons">
<!-- <button>s that are generated dynamically and added here -->
</div>
Read all text from a file
Java 11 added the readString() method to read small files as a String
, preserving line terminators:
String content = Files.readString(path, StandardCharsets.US_ASCII);
For versions between Java 7 and 11, here's a compact, robust idiom, wrapped up in a utility method:
static String readFile(String path, Charset encoding)
throws IOException
{
byte[] encoded = Files.readAllBytes(Paths.get(path));
return new String(encoded, encoding);
}
Read lines of text from a file
Java 7 added a convenience method to read a file as lines of text, represented as a List<String>
. This approach is "lossy" because the line separators are stripped from the end of each line.
List<String> lines = Files.readAllLines(Paths.get(path), encoding);
Java 8 added the Files.lines()
method to produce a Stream<String>
. Again, this method is lossy because line separators are stripped. If an IOException
is encountered while reading the file, it is wrapped in an UncheckedIOException
, since Stream
doesn't accept lambdas that throw checked exceptions.
try (Stream<String> lines = Files.lines(path, encoding)) {
lines.forEach(System.out::println);
}
This Stream
does need a close()
call; this is poorly documented on the API, and I suspect many people don't even notice Stream
has a close()
method. Be sure to use an ARM-block as shown.
If you are working with a source other than a file, you can use the lines()
method in BufferedReader
instead.
Memory utilization
The first method, that preserves line breaks, can temporarily require memory several times the size of the file, because for a short time the raw file contents (a byte array), and the decoded characters (each of which is 16 bits even if encoded as 8 bits in the file) reside in memory at once. It is safest to apply to files that you know to be small relative to the available memory.
The second method, reading lines, is usually more memory efficient, because the input byte buffer for decoding doesn't need to contain the entire file. However, it's still not suitable for files that are very large relative to available memory.
For reading large files, you need a different design for your program, one that reads a chunk of text from a stream, processes it, and then moves on to the next, reusing the same fixed-sized memory block. Here, "large" depends on the computer specs. Nowadays, this threshold might be many gigabytes of RAM. The third method, using a Stream<String>
is one way to do this, if your input "records" happen to be individual lines. (Using the readLine()
method of BufferedReader
is the procedural equivalent to this approach.)
Character encoding
One thing that is missing from the sample in the original post is the character encoding. There are some special cases where the platform default is what you want, but they are rare, and you should be able justify your choice.
The StandardCharsets
class defines some constants for the encodings required of all Java runtimes:
String content = readFile("test.txt", StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
The platform default is available from the Charset
class itself:
String content = readFile("test.txt", Charset.defaultCharset());
Note: This answer largely replaces my Java 6 version. The utility of Java 7 safely simplifies the code, and the old answer, which used a mapped byte buffer, prevented the file that was read from being deleted until the mapped buffer was garbage collected. You can view the old version via the "edited" link on this answer.
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