Before I ask about app.router
I think I should explain at least what I think happens when working with middleware. To use middleware, the function to use is app.use()
. When the middleware is being executed, it will either call the next middleware by using next()
or make it so no more middleware get called. That means that the order in which I place my middleware calls is important, because some middleware depends on other middleware, and some middleware near the end might not even be called.
Today I was working on my application and had my server running in the background. I wanted to make some changes and refresh my page and see the changes immediately. Specifically, I was making changes to my layout. I couldn't get it to work so I searched Stack Overflow for the answer and found this question. It says to make sure that express.static()
is beneath require('stylus')
. But when I was looking at that OP's code, I saw that he had his app.router
call at the very end of his middleware calls, and I tried to figure out why that was.
When I made my Express.js application (version 3.0.0rc4), I used the command express app --sessions --css stylus
and in my app.js file the code came setup with my app.router
above both the express.static()
and require('stylus')
calls. So it seems like, if it comes already setup that way, then it should stay that way.
After re-arranging my code so I could see my Stylus changes, it looks like this:
app.configure(function(){
//app.set() calls
//app.use() calls
//...
app.use(app.router);
app.use(require('stylus').middleware(__dirname + '/public'));
app.use(express.static(__dirname + '/public', {maxAge: 31557600000}));
});
app.get('/', routes.index);
app.get('/test', function(req, res){
res.send('Test');
});
So I decided that the first step would be to find out why it is important to even have app.router
in my code. So I commented it out, started my app and navigated to /
. It displayed my index page just fine. Hmm, maybe it worked because I was exporting the routing from my routes file (routes.index). So next I navigated to /test
and it displayed Test on the screen. Haha, OK, I have no idea what app.router
does. Whether it is included in my code or not, my routing is fine. So I am definitely missing something.
So Here Is My Question:
Could somebody please explain what app.router
does, the importance of it, and where I should place it in my middleware calls? It would also be nice if I got a brief explanation about express.static()
. As far as I can tell, express.static()
is a cache of my information, and if the application can't find the requested page, it will check the cache to see if it exists.
Best Answer
Note: This describes how Express worked in versions 2 and 3. See the end of this post for information about Express 4.
static
simply serves files (static resources) from disk. You give it a path (sometimes called the mount point), and it serves the files in that folder.For example,
express.static('/var/www')
would serve the files in that folder. So a request to your Node server forhttp://server/file.html
would serve/var/www/file.html
.router
is code that runs your routes. When you doapp.get('/user', function(req, res) { ... });
, it is therouter
that actually invokes the callback function to process the request.The order that you pass things to
app.use
determines the order in which each middleware is given the opportunity to process a request. For example, if you have a file calledtest.html
in your static folder and a route:Which one gets sent to a client requesting
http://server/test.html
? Whichever middleware is given touse
first.If you do this:
Then the file on disk is served.
If you do it the other way,
Then the route handler gets the request, and "Hello from route handler" gets sent to the browser.
Usually, you want to put the router above the static middleware so that a accidentally-named file can't override one of your routes.
Note that if you don't explicitly
use
therouter
, it is implicitly added by Express at the point you define a route (which is why your routes still worked even though you commented outapp.use(app.router)
).A commenter has brought up another point about the order of
static
androuter
that I hadn't addressed: the impact on your app's overall performance.Another reason to
use
router
abovestatic
is to optimize performance. If you putstatic
first, then you'll hit the hard drive on every single request to see whether or not a file exists. In a quick test, I found that this overhead amounted to ~1ms on an unloaded server. (That number is much likely to be higher under load, where requests will compete for disk access.)With
router
first, a request matching a route never has to hit the disk, saving precious milliseconds.Of course, there are ways to mitigate
static
's overhead.The best option is to put all of your static resources under a specific folder. (IE
/static
) You can then mountstatic
to that path so that it only runs when the path starts with/static
:In this situation, you'd put this above
router
. This avoids processing other middleware/the router if a file is present, but to be honest, I doubt you'll gain that much.You could also use
staticCache
, which caches static resources in-memory so that you don't have to hit the disk for commonly requested files. (Warning:staticCache
will apparently be removed in the future.)However, I don't think
staticCache
caches negative answers (when a file does not exist), so it doesn't help if you've putstaticCache
aboverouter
without mounting it to a path.As with all questions about performance, measure and benchmark your real-world app (under load) to see where the bottlenecks really are.
Express 4
Express 4.0 removes
app.router
. All middleware (app.use
) and routes (app.get
et al) are now processed in precisely the order in which they are added.In other words:
Read more about changes in Express 4.