Php – Function utf8_encode undefined

Extension in Php.ini file should be:

extension=pdo_sqlite.so
extension=sqlite.so

Because Dalvik's FileInputStream will close itself when it is garbage collected (this is also true for OpenJDK/Oracle) it is less common than you'd think to actually leak file descriptors. Of course, the file descriptors will be "leaked" until the GC runs so depending on your program it could take a while before they are reclaimed.

To accomplish a more permanent leak you will have to prevent the stream from being garbage collected by keeping a reference to it somewhere in memory.

Here's a short example that loads a properties file every 1 second and keeps track of every time it has changed:

public class StreamLeak {

    /**
     * A revision of the properties.
     */
    public static class Revision {

        final ZonedDateTime time = ZonedDateTime.now();
        final PropertiesFile file;

        Revision(PropertiesFile file) {
            this.file = file;
        }
    }

    /*
     * Container for {@link Properties} that implements lazy loading.
     */
    public static class PropertiesFile {

        private final InputStream stream;
        private Properties properties;

        PropertiesFile(InputStream stream) {
            this.stream = stream;
        }

        Properties getProperties() {
            if(this.properties == null) {
                properties = new Properties();
                try {
                    properties.load(stream);
                } catch(IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            return properties;
        }

        @Override
        public boolean equals(Object o) {
            if(o instanceof PropertiesFile) {
                return ((PropertiesFile)o).getProperties().equals(getProperties());
            }
            return false;
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
        URL url = new URL(args[0]);
        LinkedList<Revision> revisions = new LinkedList<>();
        // Loop indefinitely
        while(true) {
            // Load the file
            PropertiesFile pf = new PropertiesFile(url.openStream());
            // See if the file has changed
            if(revisions.isEmpty() || !revisions.getLast().file.equals(pf)) {
                // Store the new revision
                revisions.add(new Revision(pf));
                System.out.println(url.toString() + " has changed, total revisions: " + revisions.size());
            }
            Thread.sleep(1000);
        }
    }
}

Because of the lazy loading we keep the InputStream in the PropertiesFile which will be kept whenever we create a new Revision and since we never close the stream we will be leaking file descriptors here.

Now, these open file descriptors will be closed by the OS when the program terminates, but as long as the program is running it will continue to leak file descriptors as can be seen by using lsof:

$ lsof | grep pf.properties | head -n 3
java    6938   raniz   48r      REG    252,0    0    262694 /tmp/pf.properties
java    6938   raniz   49r      REG    252,0    0    262694 /tmp/pf.properties
java    6938   raniz   50r      REG    252,0    0    262694 /tmp/pf.properties
$ lsof | grep pf.properties | wc -l    
431

And if we force the GC to run we can see that most of these are returned:

$ jcmd 6938 GC.run
6938:
Command executed successfully
$ lsof | grep pf.properties | wc -l
2

The remaining two descriptors are the ones stored in the Revisions.

I ran this on my Ubuntu machine but the output would look similar if run on Android.