Text Status Updates
If you're just writing text and posting the update to a limited group you'll be at the mercy of copy/paste functionality. The share link doesn't appear for text status updates
Text Status Updates with people
People that you've shared with on your friend's lists will only be able to see it, however, if your with friend has chosen to share posts they're tagged in with a wider audenience then you'll be at the mercy of that setting.
The share button also will not show up here, but you'll likely still be at the mercy of the copy/paste function.
Link status updates (with and without) people
If you share to a restricted list the share button will not appear and your friends will have to tell the story about where they got it from without you.
Image status updates (with and without) people
If you share an image to a restricted list the share will not appear and your friends will have to either post a link to the image or upload the image themselves after downloading it to repost it on their timeline.
Things to consider
Nothing you share with Facebook (even if it's set to only me) should be considered private. Bugs, settings, and future service updates could accidentally/intentionally display this information to your friends; so post with care.
Despite the two answers given by others here to the contrary, the correct answer to the OP's question is, most definitively: NO! I just double-checked this myself, before posting this answer.
In general, when someone on Facebook shares an item to which he himself has access, he cannot "expand" the reach of that item beyond what the privacy-settings for that original item, by its original owner, allow!
So, for example, if the original picture, owned by user A, was located in an album that A shared only with his (A's) friends, then:
if B, who is a friend of A, shares that picture with "everyone" -- not everyone will actually see that picture. Specifically, C, who is a friend of B and also a friend of A, will see the picture. However, D, who is a friend of B, but not a friend of A, will not see the picture!
Moreover, even if D somehow gets access to the URL for this picture and tries to access it directly, Facebook will block his access to the picture!
Best Answer
His posts would be able to be seen by friends only, so your comments would be able to be seen by his friends unless he changes the privacy scope on you later on. Google would not be able to index your comment; if you log off of Facebook entirely and go to his page you'll be able to see what Google sees. Your friends would not be able to see his post at all if they're not his friends as well.