Google-sheets – How to refresh a filter view in Google Sheets

No, that isn't currently possible.

However, if the spreadsheet is used for viewing data (and not entering or modifying) you could make a new spreadsheet for each user, and use importRange from the "master" spreadsheet in each copy's "A1" cell. Each copy can then freeze/hide/filter as they please and their data will update almost in real-time as the master spreadsheet changes.
One dissadvantage is that you will lose some collaboration because making a cell comment etc will only be in each user's copy, so for adding comments or modifying you need to go to the master.

As a bonus, you can add an extra sheet on each of the copies and put a link to the master spreadsheet there so its easy to go to the master.

importRange : https://support.google.com/docs/answer/3093340?hl=en

Google Apps Script is used to extend Google Sheets, but as was noted by @Normal Human, at this time it doesn't include methods to update/refresh Google Sheets filters.

https://code.google.com/p/google-apps-script-issues/ is the place for feature requests and enhancements to existing Google Apps Script services. People can "upvote" a feature request by starring an issue. In this case, the related issue is:

Issue 524: Integration of Tools/Filter with google apps script