Direct answer

The following formula return the expected results for the three cases exposed in the question. It should be added to cell A2 and cells in A3:A13 should be empty.

=ArrayFormula(
  IF(
    NOT(
      (ROW(B2:B13)-1=1)
      *
      (B2:B13="$")
    )
    *
    (
      (B2:B13=">")
      +
      (B2:B13="$")
      +
      (ROW(B2:B13)-1>=Vlookup("$",{B2:B12,ROW(B2:B12)},2,0))
    )
    *
    NOT((B1:B12=">")
    *(B2:B13="$")),
    ".",
    " "
  )
)

Explanation

In this case the use of ArrayFormula function together with references to B2:B13 will return an array of 12 rows and 1 columns with the expected values.

The comparison of a range or array with a scalar value returns an array of the same size of the range or array. All the tests should return an array of the same size.

AND and OR functions could not work with arrays, but Google Sheets interpret TRUE as 1 and FALSE as 0, so, instead of using AND function use * and instead of OR use +.

As + and * take precedence over comparison operators each test should be enclosed in parentheses.

You don't need a script: the Filter command (which is different from filters and filter views) does this easily.

Suppose your master sheet is named Master and the closing date is in column B. Then in Sheet "Jan" you would enter

=filter(Master!A:Z, month(Master!B:B) = 1)

Here A:Z are the columns of Master sheet (of course there may be more, you can use A:ZZ, etc). The condition that month of the date in column B is equal to 1 means it's January.

In the sheet named "Feb" you would put

=filter(Master!A:Z, month(Master!B:B) = 2)

and so on. The edits to Master sheet will be immediately reflected in the month sheets.