How to see just the posts in the Tumblr dashboard so I can easily go back and make edits to posts

Include the following code:

{block:HasTags}
   {block:Tags}
       <a class="tag" href="{TagURL}">{Tag}</a>
   {/block:Tags}
{/block:HasTags}

in the block for each type of post. So you will have this seven times: in {block:Text}, in {block:Audio}, etc.

Put this right before the closing of the block (so right before {/block:Text}, for example) to have the tags show up at the end of the post.

Tumblr provides some documentation on this here.

Add the {Permalink} option using the anchor tag and the div tag applied to your Photo block

{block:Photo}
   <div class="photo post">
      <a href="{Permalink}">
         <div>
            <img src="{PhotoUrl-500}" alt="{PhotoAlt}">
         </div>
       </a>
      {block:Caption}{Caption}{/block:Caption}
   </div>
{/block:Photo}