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Buried on a Microsoft support page is this section:

Issue: Missing Meetings icon in the left nav bar

Symptom: The Meetings icon on the app bar is currently only enabled for users whose mailbox is on Office 365 multi-tenant and a select few dedicated users whose mailbox location can be discovered using Exchange auto discovery. Microsoft Teams does not yet support mailboxes housed in Exchange on-premises and Exchange Dedicated. This is under investigation; however, there is no timing for delivering this capability.

Workaround: No workaround.

So essentially this feature won't show up if your mailbox is hosted on-site. It's being investigated, but with no timeline for getting it working.

No, as of April 2020, there is no such feature. However, it has been requested and interested users can vote to bring it to Microsoft's attention and raise their priority of treating it: https://microsoftteams.uservoice.com/forums/555103-public/suggestions/39869779-create-permanent-video-meeting-link-in-microsoft-t. (Microsoft does actively monitor and act upon the votes on Uservoice.)