Electronic – arduino – How to amplify the output from this UV photodiode sensor

According to this, the photodiode does indeed produce a current even when there is zero volts across it; it's the short circuit current. Note that the reference direction of \$I_S\$ in the question's diagram is opposite that of the \$I_{SC}\$ of the diode so the output voltage is:

\$V_{OUT} = - I_S \cdot R_F = I_{SC} \cdot R_F\$

I found the above here.

A reasonable question to ask is how can a current be produced with zero voltage?

Remember that there's an internal E field through the depletion region even when the diode terminals are shorted together. Briefly, light generated EHPs in the vicinity of the depletion region are separated by the E field resulting in charge accumulating in the P and N sides (that's how \$V_{OC}\$ is developed). A short circuit allows a current to restore charge balance.

The circuit on the right side makes use of an LM 108 and a capacitor on pin 8 ( due to the datasheet pin 8 of the op amp stands for Comp). Not having this pin on L358 what can I do for that?

The LM108 has pins for external compensation. As you've already figured out you will not find these pins on the LM358 because the LM358 is internally compensated (e.g. the capacitor is within the chip). So if you use the LM358 you don't need that capacitor.

Morever the arduino analog pin normally indicates a value btw 0-1023. Now using the op amp I get a maximum value of 767 ( this means approx. 3/4 of 1023). Is there any particular reason for that or am I doing any mistake?

The output of your amplifier does not generate a voltage that the arduino would interpret as full scale. You can increase the amplification by choosing a bigger resistor between the output and the negative input. If you want your amplification 25% higher just make the resistor 25% bigger.

Note that the voltage at the LM358 output can't go as high as the supply voltage. It will always have a maximum output voltage that is 1.5V to 2V below the supply. That means, if your arduino analog input would give you a full scale at - lets say - 5V, then you need to supply your OpAmp with 7V at least. Otherwise the output will clamp and never reach the full scale.

You'll also likely don't want to connect your OpAmp output directly to the analog input. Analog inputs have a maximum input voltage, and you should never exceed this. If you do current will flow through a protection diode. If the current is to large that could blow up your arduino. Adding a resistor between the OpAmp output and the analog input will limit the current without influencing the reading much. 2.2k is what I usually use as a rule of thumb value.