Electronic – Difference between a n bit Latch and a buffer

The basic difference is a gating or clocking mechanism. For example, let us talk about SR latch and SR flip-flops.

An SR Latch will look like this

In this circuit when you Set S as active the output Q would be high and Q' will be low. This is irrespective of anything else. (This is an active low circuit so active here means low, but for an active high circuit active would mean high)

An SR Flip-Flop (also called gated or clocked SR latch) looks like this.

In this circuit the output is changed (i.e. the stored data is changed) only when you give a active clock signal. Otherwise, even if the S or R is active the data will not change. This mechanism is used to synchronize circuits and registers so that the data does not change unnecessarily.

registers
I believe you're referring to this drawing:

The register file is an array of 32 general purpose registers which resides in the AVR's CPU. The registers are tightly coupled with the ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit) so that operations on the register data can be performed much faster than data which has to be fetched from (external) RAM. A microcontroller will have special addressing modes for working with the registers. If you want to add 5 to a variable in RAM the instruction will have to include the RAM address, for which it may need 16 bit. Since the register file is only 32 bytes long you only need 5 bit to address a register, and the instruction set is designed in such a way that these 5 bit will fit together with the instruction's opcode in a 16-bit instruction. So no second fetch for the address is required.

That's what the drawing shows: the instruction is 16 bit wide, and 5 bit of that is the register designator. They even went a step further. There are instructions which operate on two registers, and again they constructed the instructions in such a way that the two register designators fit in the 16-bit instruction, so again only 1 fetch is required.

So it doesn't show two registers combined into one of double length, although there are microcontrollers which allow this.

flags
Flags are single bit data which indicate some status: on or off, true of false.

This is the programming model of the good old MC6809 (a beautiful microprocessor, which more than 30 years ago was way ahead of its time). The condition code register consists of 8 flags, with names like "zero", "carry", "overflow", "IRQ mask", etc. You wouldn't access these bits directly like another register, but use them for conditional branch instructions, like BEQ, for "branch if equal", which will branch if the "zero" flag is set.

But programmers needed much more flags in their programs. So they assigned bytes for the task, and they would address individual bits by masking the others by AND-ing the byte with a bit mask.

bit fields
This was a bit clumsy, and especially with higher level language something more advances was needed. C lets you define bit fields which you can address directly in your code:

struct packed_struct {
     unsigned int f1:1;
     unsigned int f2:1;
     unsigned int f3:1;
     unsigned int f4:1;
     unsigned int type:4;
     unsigned int funny_int:9;
} pack;

Note that you can't just define single bit fields, but also groups of several bits, like 4 bit and 9 bit in the example.

bit banding
Internally the C code will still be compiled into code that uses the masks to get at 1 particular bit, so it's still not very efficient. The ARM Cortex-M3 has a solution for this. It has a 4 GB addressing space, most of which isn't used. So they use part of it for what's called bit banding.

It means that parts of memory and I/O have copies at 1 bit per address elsewhere in memory. The 1MB SRAM bit band region holds 32 Mb, and each of these is mapped to a 32 MB address in the bit banding block. So masking is no longer required.

Further reading
LPC17xx User Manual at NXP.