How Are Op-Amp Gain vs Frequency Response Curves Generated?

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I have been wondering this for a while. When we look at the electrical characteristics of a device such as an opamp there is a gain versus frequency plot.

I have couple of questions regarding measurement of frequency response in practice:

1-) How is an opamp's frequency response obtained in reality/on bench? Do they sweep or measure the output voltage for each frequency input and obtain the plot? Or do they apply an impulse or step input to the input, obtain the response and do the math and plot the frequency response?

2-) If they do the sweeping freq. method but not the impulse or step input method; where is the second one used in practice? I mean is the step input or impulse input used in any case in the engineering world to obtain the frequency response? Or are these only used on paper(mathematical modelling or simulations)?

Best Answer

The test is done with a circuit like this (and this is how analog devices does their AC gain or open loop tests). You could build one of these circuits and make an open loop gain test (with your device in the spot labeled DUT) There are more ways to make this measurement, but this is one of the best. enter image description here

Figure 5, the ac signal is applied to the DUT input via a 10,000:1 attenuator. This large value is needed for low-frequency measurements, where open-loop gains may be near the dc value. (For example, at a frequency where the gain is 1,000,000, a 1-V rms signal would apply 100 μV at the amplifier input, which would saturate the amplifier as it seeks to deliver 100-V rms output). So ac measurements are normally made at frequencies from a few hundred Hz to the frequency at which the open-loop gain has dropped to unity—or very carefully with lower input amplitudes if low-frequency gain data is needed. The simple attenuator shown will only work at frequencies up to 100 kHz or so, even if great care is taken with stray capacitance; at higher frequencies a more complex circuit would be needed.

Source: http://www.analog.com/en/analog-dialogue/articles/simple-op-amp-measurements.html

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