Your sensors are actually circuit boards that process the sensor output and give you a easily understood and implemented signals. I have checked, and these boards include their bulk and decoupling capacitors.
One thing to improve is the grounding quality. To do that, you have to improve the impedance of the ground tracks. In low frequencies, the ground impedance is dominated by the resistance, however when the frequency goes high, inductance kicks in and dominates the impedance.
One way to make the ground impedance low at high frequencies is bypass capacitors that are put very close to the supply pins. Since you already have about 20 cm of wires, you cannot do much for the high frequency on your board. But at least you can isolate the noise from the board as noted below.
There are couple of things that come to my mind that will reduce overall noise:
Add a bulk capacitor:
Put an electrolytic capacitor that has a value of about 10uF to 220uF across GND and +5V. This will give you a cleaner power and room for inrush currents. Since capacitors have relatively low series resistance, they can give higher currents, of course limited with their storage. Also, connecting a 100nF ceramic capacitor with this bulk capacitor will filter out high frequency content and decouple the "sensor shield" from Arduino.
Add decoupling capacitors to sensors:
Sensors can include digital circuitry which can generate high frequency content, thanks to square waves. You cannot give these sensors low impedance power paths because of the already long wires, however, you can limit the high frequency content coming from these sensors to your board.
You can add some 100nF ceramic capacitors in-between Vcc and GND of these sensors and the high frequency content coming from the sensors will be shorted to GND with the help of the capacitors. In other words, you are going to decouple your sensors from your board. Make these capacitors as close as possible to power pins of each sensor. You can sort of use one capacitor in common for very close sensors.
Make the ground trace gain weight:
When a trace gets ticker, its resistance drops lower. Make the ground trace as thick as you can. Or better, as Andy aka suggested, make a ground fill, or a ground plane, depending on what your CAD software calls it.
Also, there is nothing pulling you from making the Vcc trace thicker and lower impedance.
One small detail is to twist those long cables so that they are all close to GND cable.
Best Answer
The short answer is that if you need a lot of capacitance in a small space, then tantalums (or Niobium oxide for very low voltages) become attractive.
In this case, ceramics make sense.
I do not like using dry tantalums for a number of reasons; They are prone to failure simply due to reflow even when properly derated and with a low impedance source (which is what the power supply is) they can become spectacularly pyrotechnic. In addition, they have effectively zero capacitance above perhaps 400kHz (so if you need decoupling above this frequency, tantalums are no use anyway).
There are times to use tantalums, but I only use them if I must.
In the case of low ESR causing certain regulator instabilities (primarily LDO devices and current mode bucks), I would not trust the ESR of a tantalum to save me; the manufacturer will tell you the maximum ESR, but not the minimum, which is just as important.
In those cases, I use a ceramic with a series resistor to guarantee the correct effective ESR across temperature.