In particular, are 5G oscillators found in cellphones using some kind of SMT/fabricated Gunn diode or Impatt diode(on a chip)? The frequency bands(K band) are beyond the range of crystal oscillators. But what other kinds of technology is used to generate oscillators this high in frequency using solid state?
Electronic – What kind of oscillator circuit technology is used for 5G technology
cellphoneoscillatorRFwireless
Related Solutions
You could easilly divide the 32KHz crystal frequency with a Binary Counter (such as the 4040) to give 16KHz, 8KHz, 4KHz, 2KHz, 1KHz, 500Hz, etc...
Then some clever filtering can create a sine(ish) wave from each of those square waves.
Yes it sounds interesting and there is some good data on transmitting radio in sea water. Let's start with a graph: -
The base of the graph is carrier frequency and the Y axis is attenuation in dB per metre. There are two plots: one is sea water (4 Siemens per metre conductivity) and one is Adelaide (Australia) fresh water (0.0546 Siemens per metre). The graph is derived from this document - it contains the formula for the electric field attenuation as: -
Attenuation\$^1\$ dB/m = 0.0173\$\sqrt{f\sigma}\$ where sigma is conductivity and f is in Hz.
For sea-water, at a carrier frequency of 1 MHz the attenuation is about 33 dB per metre. At 100 kHz this is down to about 10 dB per metre.
A 100 kHz carrier can easily support a bit rate of 256 bits per second so it's a contender (or is it?). However, given a range of 150 metres, that's an attenuation of 1500 dB so it's out of the question as far as I see. So maybe a 10 kHz carrier can work - it will attenuate about 3.5 dB per metre giving a maximum attenuation over 150 metres of 525 dB (yuk).
It's not looking good. How sensitive can a radio receiver be is the question that now springs to mind and there is a fairly widespread and useful formula that relates data rate to sensitivity: -
Power (dBm) needed by a receiver is -154 dBm + 10\$log_{10}\$(data rate)
At only 256 bps the sensitivity (if designed correctly) is -130 dBm.
To get this level of signal over a link that loses 525 dB means a power input to the fishes transmitting antenna of (525 -130) dBm or an UNFEASIBLE AMOUNT OF TRANSMIT POWER (we are talking 10^36 watts).
For instance, Voyager II from deep space in September 2013 produced an attenuation that was roughly 245 dBm to receive antennas on earth. OK, it transmitted 22 watts with a high gain dish antenna and we used football pitch sized dishes to receive the data but it was do-able.
So, my advise is to have a major rethink and possibly consider using underwater cameras to do what you want OR, if you are still into radio, then a number of localized receivers scattered around the "fish pond".
If you follow this 2nd approach you may be able to use magnetic transmitter coils and magnetic receiver coils. The attenuation of a mag field is a cube law but in the vicinity of 5 metres it should work.
Forget about anything that has MHz or GHz appended to the carrier frequency.
\$^1\$ the formula given above might need some explanation. It comes from realization of what "skin depth" is. As frequency gets higher a current will penetrate less and less into a conductive medium, preferring to stay at the surface. The skin depth at which the current has attenuated to 1/e (8.6859 dB)is: -
Length = \$\sqrt{\dfrac{1}{\pi f\mu_0\sigma}}\$
So for the case of 1 MHz, and assuming magnetic permeability of water is 4\$\pi\$ x 10\$^{-7}\$ with a conductivity of 4 S/m, length = 0.2516 m.
So that's an attenuation of 8.6859 dB per 0.225 m or 34.5 dB per metre as per the graph above for seawater at 1 MHz.
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Best Answer
The frequency is indeed out of range of a crystal oscillator. But you don't need a crystal to generate your fundamental directly. In fact, all previous frequency bands used in 2G/3G/4G are also out of range of these crystals.
The trick is to use a PLL. Modern CMOS circuit technologies can product fundamental oscillators past 150 GHz* - making one that oscillates at 30-40 GHz is not that difficult. You then use some kind of divider/mixer/counter to compare it with the crystal or MEMS oscillator that might be at 100 MHz or lower, and use the result to tweak the oscillating frequency of your high-frequency oscillator. The added advantage of this is that by tweaking the divider ratio, you can change the frequency of the high-frequency oscillator (for example to switch to a different channel), without needing a different reference.
*That was with planar CMOS, don't know how finfet performs since it's Ft/Fmax is generally lower than planar/FD-SOI