Electronic – Why off-line power supplies are called so, like they are “off the line”

Medical grade power supplies have supposedly been tested to specific standards. In particular, the maximum leakage current between the hot and isolated sides will be very low. There are also other internal requirements, like a large creapage distance accross the isolation barrier.

The medical-grade requirements are to make the supply more safe, even if the isolated side is connected to a human more closely than thru ordinary skin. Some of the requirements are to reduce the chance of failures, and to decrease the chance that any one failure could electrocute someone.

All this costs money, so medical grade power supplies are significantly more expensive than ordinary ones. The volumes are less, which again drives the price up.

These extra specs have nothing to do with voltage stability, ripple, current rating, and the like.

You need to put your noise source in series with the ideal source:

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Voltage sources in series add. (Ideal) voltage sources in parallel are a logical contradiction.