How to module TB trap $fatal from module A

The SystemVerilog generate statements are elaborated at compile time, they are not procedural code. That means they are processed much like a macro or `ifdef statement, except that they can evaluate parameters, understand scope, and create new scopes. You need to get rid of the always_comb construct. The if/else if/else is also a generated block that produces only one row instance per iteration. Assuming n=8, then you will get three generated for-loop blocks named label[0], label[1], and label[2]. Your code get elaborated as if you could have written something like the following(assuming n gets overridden to 16.:

module barrel
    #(parameter n = 8; parameter control = $clog2(n))
    (input logic[n-1:0] data, input logic [control-1:0] select,
    output logic [n-1:0] result);

            logic [n-1:0] logic[0].tempResult;
            logic [n-1:0] logic[1].tempResult;
            logic [n-1:0] logic[2].tempResult;
            row #(n,1) logic[0].shiftLevel(
                    data,select[0],label[0].tempResult);
            row #(n,2) label[1].shiftLevel(
                    label[0].tempResult,select[1],label[1].tempResult);
            row #(n,4) label[1].shiftLevel(
                    label[1].tempResult,select[2],label[2].tempResult);
            row #(n,8) label[3].shiftLevel(
                    label[2].tempResult,select[3],result);
endmodule

Note that you could not declare identifiers (the variable names or the module instance names) with the label[x]. prefix without using the generate block construct.

This is something that cannot be done in SystemVerilog; actually several things.

You can't use a generate construct in the middle of a another construct, in your case, a module header declaring a port list. And even if you could, you cannot use generate to build an identifiers like logic ready_0, ready_1, etc. Nor could you use it to declare individual elements of an array, like logic ready_[0], ready_[1].

You have several alternatives, the easiest is declaring these ports as arrays.

`define PORTS 4
module mulitplexer
(
  input logic clock,
    output  a_t       multiplx_a_[`PORTS],
    input   a_fc_t    a_multiplx_[`PORTS],
    input   b_t       multiplx_b_[`PORTS],
    input   logic     ready_[`PORTS],
input logic reset
);

You can also create struct with these as fields, but you would need to separate the inputs form the outputs. Finally, you could find a macro pre-processor that allows you to write a `for loop as a macro. SystemVerilog does not have that built in.