Sense existing vehicle TPS with AVR ADC

From page 235 of the datasheet:

Differential conversions are synchronized to the internal clock CKADC2 equal to half the ADC clock. This synchronization is done automatically by the ADC interface in such a way that the sample-and-hold occurs at a specific edge of CKADC2. A conversion initiated by the user (i.e., all single conversions, and the first free running conversion) when CKADC2 is low will take the same amount of time as a single ended conversion (13 ADC clock cycles from the next prescaled clock cycle). A conversion initiated by the user when CKADC2 is high will take 14 ADC clock cycles due to the synchronization mechanism. In free running mode, a new conversion is initiated immediately after the previous conversion completes, and since CKADC2 is high at this time, all automatically started (i.e., all but the first) free running conversions will take 14 ADC clock cycles.

This is the only paragraph where they talk about CKADC2. It's nowhere mentioned in the electrical characteristics either. Overmore, the table preceding this paragraph says 13 ADC clock cycles for single ended conversions and 13 or 14 for differential, also "conversion time (cycles)". It looks like the same ADC clock is used, and that CKADC2 is only relevant for that 14th cycle if a conversion is started when CKADC2 is high.

int can only be 0-255

That's not correct. In the C programming language, an int is always at least 16 bits wide, even on 8-bit micros. A char is 8 bits wide.

But when using inttypes.h, I strongly recommend using the explicit types like uint8_t,int16_t or uint32_t.

Your real error is using _delay_ms() with a variable parameter. This is not allowed, as it is a macro involving floating point calculations - at least in avr gcc. You are supposed to use something like this:

void DelayMs(int delay) {
  while(delay--) _delay_ms(1);
}