low-powerltspicepower supply
I have simulated the LM723 based regulator circuit in LTSpice
And after running it I got 16A currents (blue/green) on diodes in rectifier. The max current I supposed to get here was 3.3A. Please tell me what is wrong? I have tried to use different MUR860 models and it did not helped.
Short: Add a 1 ohm resistor in series with the transformer :-).
Longer:
A "perfect" transformer and 'perfect" capacitor will have infinite current spikes, as I know you realise.
While real world results will vary with transformer maker's 'ethos and philosophy', the real world experience is that you wil usually get superior results by adding a small "conduction angle spreading resistor" in series with the transformer winding feed to the capacitors. This is counter intuitive to what you may expect from an efficiency point of view and is often not done in practice. Theoretical calculation of the effect of such a resistor is surprisingly annoying but simulation will show the effects instantly.
Given that the mean DC level under load is 0.7071 ( = sqrt(2) ) of V peak, you have quite a lot of headroom to work with and can afford a modest amount of drop in the series resistance. There are several scondary effects which may be useful depending on environment. Spreading the conduction angle improves the power factor of the otherwise very peaked load - but probably not enough to make a difference in meeting or failing formal power factor requirements. Sometimes more importantly, spreading the conduction angle greatly reduces peak loads on the diodes and reduces EMC issues (ie less radiated electromagnetic noise) - probably not an intuitive effect of adding a few ohms of series resistance.
Lets have a play with some figures:
You have 15 VAC secondary voltage and are aiming at 12VDC at 2A.
Assume for now that about 15VDC minimum on the filter caps is acceptable 9giving the regulator 3V headroom minimum).
Vpeak is 15 x 1.414 = 21.2 V
Load power is VI = 12 x 2 = 24 Watts.
If you managed to filter this well enough to achieve say about 20VDC on the cap you would dissipate Vdrop x I = (20-12)x 2 = 16 Watts in the regulator and "as a bonus" achieve massive ripple CURRENT in the caps but little ripple VOLTAGE. This does not seem like a marvellous idea :-).
If you can manage to spread conduction over 25% of the voltage cycle you will get mean current during conduction down to 4 x Iavg = 8A.
Assuming 21V peak, 25% conduction occurs at about 19V transformer output, and a very useful 50% conduction happens at just under 15V. See graph below.
This suggests that inserting even one ohm series resistance is going to have a substantial effect. If the 8A mean that is required for 25% conduction is dropped across 1 ohm the 8 volt voltage drop is going to ensure that the 8A does not happen (as 21-8 = 13V which is lower than the 15V DC target this was based on).
If 50% conduction occurs then mean current during this period will be 4A and mean drop across 1 ohm would be 4V so this may be "about right" as if the filter cap was at about 15V you'd get (21-15)/1 = 6A peak at waveform peak - and as the cap will have "rippled up" in voltage by then you'll get less than 6A). And so on.
Yes, you can analytically work out what happens. But, just put 1 ohm in the simulator and see what happens.
This has the effect of putting MORE ripple voltage on the capacitor(s), LESS ripple current, less regulator losses and less transformer losses, less diode EMI.
The series resistnce could be in the transformer but then addes to heat generatoion inside a relatively costly component where you'd rather be trying to optimise power transfer rather than heat loss. A 5 Watt 1 ohm resistor will probably work OK here. 10W would be safer due to peaks. eg 4A at 50% = I^2R x 50% = 15=6W x 0.4 = 8W BUT waveform is complex so actual heating needs to be calculated.
Note that in many cases the ripple current rating of two capacitors is superior to that of a single capacitor of equal total capacitance.
Use 105C (or better) caps as a matter of course in this sort of application. 2000 hours+ a good idea. Cap life ~~~ 2^((Trated-tactual)/10) x Rated_life
Define your maximum ripple voltage: ΔV (also called dV, V ripple). Look at image below and I guess you should figure it out.
Use this formula to determine minimum capacitor capacity.
\$C = \frac{I}{Vpp * 2f}\$
where: C is capacitor capacity in Farads (1F = 1000000uF), I - current, Vpp (or delta V) - voltage change on capacitor when it is being discharged, f - frequency before bridge
This method can be found in wikipedia article about ripple, just in diffrent form (formula on wikipedia calculates ripple at given capacitor).
Image source: wikipedia article mentioned above + me
Use capacitor with voltage rating at least a bit higher than your transformer amplitude, not RMS voltage. Amplitude for sinuoid after full bridge is:
\$Vpp = Vrms * \sqrt{2}\$
In your case it will be about 17,8V, so you cant use 16V capacitor.
Also notice, that transformer open circuit (no load) voltage may be much higher than nominal.
Best Answer
There are a few problems with this schematic
1) You are using an ideal voltage source, You may want to add some inductance and resistance to simulate wires. Mains power is not infinite, and neither is the current from a transformer. Your transformer is going to have a lag on power that it can deliver, you should probably simulate this. Another thing to watch out for is transformer saturation. (unless your not getting power from AC mains)
2) As the other answers say, you have a huge capacitor, is throwing more capacitance at the problem going to be a good solution? If the current is too high, then you need to change the design, not the parameters of the design. At these current levels you should probably use a DC to DC instead of a vreg unless price is an important consideration. You are going to burn up lots of power. Its better to put smaller amounts of current at a higher voltage through the rectifier You can get cheap DC to DC regulators that are 780X drop in compatible that will handle 1 amp, you can parallel them if you need more current. If that doesn't work then go find a DC to DC IC. Have you considered a AC to DC power supply such as a "wall wart"? People make these things for less than 20$.