Why is bulk always known to be associated with source and not the drain? What would be the result or outcome if I connect the bulk to the drain instead of the source?
Electronic – MOSFET bulk connection to the source
basicmosfet
Related Solutions
Myth: manufactures conspire to put internal diodes in discrete components so only IC designers can do neat things with 4-terminal MOSFETs.
Truth: 4-terminal MOSFETs aren't very useful.
Any P-N junction is a diode (among other ways to make diodes). A MOSFET has two of them, right here:
That big chunk of P-doped silicon is the body or the substrate. Considering these diodes, one can see it's pretty important that the body is always at a lower voltage than the source or the drain. Otherwise, you forward-bias the diodes, and that's probably not what you wanted.
But wait, it gets worse! A BJT is a three layer sandwich of NPN materials, right? A MOSFET also contains a BJT:
If the drain current is high, then the voltage across the channel between the source and the drain can also be high, because \$R_{DS(on)}\$ is non-zero. If it's high enough to forward-bias the body-source diode, you don't have a MOSFET anymore: you have a BJT. That's also not what you wanted.
In CMOS devices, it gets even worse. In CMOS, you have PNPN structures, which make a parasitic thyristor. This is what causes latchup.
Solution: short the body to the source. This shorts the base-emitter of the parasitic BJT, holding it firmly off. Ideally you don't do this through external leads, because then the "short" would also have high parasitic inductance and resistance, making the "holding off" of the parasitic BJT not so strong. Instead, you short them right at the die.
This is why MOSFETs aren't symmetrical. It may be that some designs otherwise are symmetrical, but to make a MOSFET that behaves reliably like a MOSFET, you have to short one of those N regions to the body. To whichever one you do that, it's now the source, and the diode you didn't short out is the "body diode".
This isn't anything specific to discrete transistors, really. If you do have a 4-terminal MOSFET, then you need to make sure that the body is always at the lowest voltage (or highest, for P-channel devices). In ICs, the body is the substrate for the whole IC, and it's usually connected to ground. If the body is at a lower voltage than the source, then you must consider body effect. If you take a look at a CMOS circuit where there's a source not connected to ground (like the NAND gate below), it doesn't really matter, because if B is high, then the lower-most transistor is on, and the one above it actually does have its source connected to ground. Or, B is low, and the output is high, and there isn't any current in the lower two transistors.
That is a mosfet used to make a very small capacitor. This is often done so that cmos process variation affect the active transistor and the "capacitor" equally. It also takes up fewer metal layers. What they are using the capacitor for is beyond me.
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Best Answer
The reasons for NMOS and PMOS are basically the same. So I'll just discuss the NMOS.
As shown in the picture below, the source and the drain terminal are n+ the body is p-type material. Between source and bulk as well as drain and bulk a diode is present which must not be forwared biased. For this reason the voltage at the bulk must not be higher than the smaller voltage of either the source or the drain terminal.
To ensure this, the bulk is either conncted to lowest voltage available (ususally 0V) or the terminal of the transistor with the lower voltage. By definition the source terminal is the one with the lower voltage. Therefore the bulk terminal is connected to the source.
If the drain terminal was connected to the bulk then the bulk-source diode would become forward biased since now the bulk would be at the same voltage as drain which is more positive than the voltage of the source. This is clearly not desired.