Electronic – Relay circuit not switching as expected

Very nice presentation of your problem. Well done, and thanks.

(1) Check that your switch connects left to right when pressed and not top to bottom.
Remove switch - does LED go out.
Use a piece of wire. Does LED turn on?

(2) It appears that the problem is that the circuit they have given you is utterly and completely and inexplicably scrambled. It would be hard to have the circuit much wronger that that and still light the LED! It just MAY be sort of correct given several unlikely assumptions.

How can this be?
I so didn't believe what I was seeing that I checked several times.

2N2222 data sheet here

What transistor are YOU using? What is the pinout.

Even if YOU are not using a 2N2222 they should be.

The circuit is wrong because:

• They say 2n2222 so it should be NPN

  It is normal to put the LED in the collector circuit but not essential.

  If R3 is in collector then it should not go to V- power rail but to V+.

  If we assume LED is in Emitter circuit then R1 must be in collector circuit and the transistor is being used as an "emitter follower". Not what you would usually do or for a beginner but say that's correct. And the pinout is backwards. Let's assume it is.

  Then base should be being pulled +ve to turn on. It is.

  They should have a pulldown on the bas to ground to turnthe transistor off - especially when used as an emitter follower. Connect another 10k from SW1/R1 junction to ground. Test . report.

BUT

Ensure transistor is CBE bottom to top as per 2N2222 datasheet or find what it really is.

• Identify C B E with certainty. Ensure NPN transistor.

• Collector via R3 and LED to V+

• Emitter to ground

• 10K from Base to ground

• 10K via switch to V+

Like this with different values, but I have added extra 10k from base to ground (a wise precaution).

I checkd 2N2222 data sheets from several manufacturers. ALL I found including metal can ones show transistor is CBE readingUP the breadboard as shown. (terminals 48-49-50) SO there is NO DOUBT that they have the circuit VERY WRONG as shown. Their C (terminal 48( goes via R3 to B- (ground). For an NPN transistor it should be B+ / +12v. etc. Build the circuit as I have suggested. It will work ;-). Transistor MAY be dead.

Datasheets

metal can

[TO18 & TO39 metal can both the same](metal can )

All TO92 plastic seem to be ONSemi - several distributors:

Did they provide a proper circuit diagram?
If so please show it.

ONSemi TO92 plastic

Update:

Here is the book concerned .

(1) The transistor is reversed. Turn it around 180 degrees and their circuit is as they intended. Their basic data shows the transistor wrongly.

(2) And / But - the circuit is an emittee follower as it was obvious it would be if you "just" reversed the transistor. This is such an 'interesting' way to do things that it was hard to believe that it was intended. It was.

Their "rather interesting" circuit:

It seems that:

• when the LED dims, current is flowing through the coil and then through the LED. Because the coil allow low current to flow through it, you see low brightness into your LED.
• when the relay clicks again an high voltage is produced on the coil and the LED, then you see an high brightness in your LED. This is interesting if you are a novice because you can see your LED doing the function that, in the original circuit, would be performed by flyback diode.

Solution:

• flip your relay left-right